Slave Muslims

Slave Muslims
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about Islamic views on slavery. For other uses, see Islam and slavery (disambiguation) .

^ The term's translations has many variations:
Abdullah Yusuf Ali : “those whom your right hands possess”.
M. H. Shakir : "those whom your right hands possess".Shakir, M. H. (Ed.). (n.d.). The Quran. Medford, MA: Perseus Digital Library. Surah 4:24
Thomas Patrick Hughes : "that which your right hand possesses". Hughes, T. P. (1885). In A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. London: W. H. Allen & Co.
N. J. Dawood : "those whom you own as slaves."N. J. Dawood, "The Koran," Penguin Classics , Penguin Books , 1999 edition.
Dr Kamal Omar: "as except those whom your right hands held in trust'" [1]

^ Abubakar Shekau , the leader of Boko Haram , a Nigerian extremist group, said in an interview "I shall capture people and make them slaves" when claiming responsibility for the 2014 Chibok kidnapping . ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war .

^ Jump up to: a b Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.

^ Brunschvig, R., “ʿAbd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition , Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lewis 1994, Ch.1 Archived 2001-04-01 at the Wayback Machine

^ Jump up to: a b c d Dror Ze’evi (2009). "Slavery" . In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23 . Retrieved 2017-02-23 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam

^ See: Martin (2005), pp.150 and 151; Clarence-Smith 2006 , p. 2

^ Jane Hathaway, The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem, Cambridge University Press, 2018 ISBN 9781107108295

^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture. New York: Macmillan, 2008.

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , pp. 2–5.

^ William D. Phillips (1985). Slavery from Roman times to the early transatlantic trade . Manchester University Press . p. 76. ISBN 0-7190-1825-0 .

^ Lewis 1990, page 10

^ "Internet History Sourcebooks Project" . sourcebooks.fordham.edu . Retrieved 2020-10-13 .

^ "BBC News | AFRICA | Focus on the slave trade" . May 25, 2017. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017 . Retrieved July 21, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b Montana, Ismael (2013). The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia . University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813044828 .

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , pp. 120–122.

^ Erdem, Y. Hakan (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800-1909 . Macmillan. pp. 95–151. ISBN 0333643232 .

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , pp. 110–116.

^ Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, ISBN 0810841029

^ Segal, page 206. See later in article.

^ Segal, page 222. See later in article.

^ The Quran with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal page 1323 Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine

^ Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān , Slaves and Slavery

^ Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam

^ The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p.36

^ Jump up to: a b Lewis (1992) p. 4

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of the Qur'an , Slaves and Slavery

^ Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54—58

^ Jump up to: a b John L Esposito (1998) p. 79

^ Quran 2:177 , 9:60

^ "Bernard Lewis on Slavery in Islam (An Analytical Study)" (PDF) . Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-30 . Retrieved 2017-03-29 .

^ Gad Heuman and James Walvin (2003), The Slavery Reader, Volume 1, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415213042 , pp. 31-32

^ Jump up to: a b Murray Gordon (1989), Slavery in the Arab World, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0941533300 , pp. 18-39

^ Lovejoy, Paul (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa . Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17 . ISBN 978-0521784306 . The religious requirement that new slaves be pagans and need for continued imports to maintain slave population made Africa an important source of slaves for the Islamic world. (...) In Islamic tradition, slavery was perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims. One task of the master was religious instruction and theoretically Muslims could not be enslaved. Conversion (of a non-Muslim to Islam) did not automatically lead to emancipation, but assimilation into Muslim society was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation.

^ Jump up to: a b c Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 25. doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003 . 2. The Kor'an. The Religious Ethic. a.—Islam, like its two parent monotheisms, Judaism and Christianity, has never preached the abolition of slavery as a doctrine, but it has followed their example (though in a very different fashion) in endeavouring to moderate the institution and mitigate its legal and moral aspects. Spiritually, the slave has the same value as the free man, and the same eternity is in store for his soul

^ Jump up to: a b c d Olayinka Kudus Amuni. Pade Badru, Brigid M. Sackey (ed.). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48–9. The Qur'anic injunctions were such as to mitigate the effects of slavery and to provide considerable encouragement for manumission. Kindness to slaves is enjoined in the following verse: [2:177]. In this verse, kindness to slaves is enjoined along with goodness to parents, kindsmen and orphans. Elsewhere the Qur'an says [90:4116].

^ Jump up to: a b c d Bernard Lewis . Race and Slavery in the Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 6. [The Quran] recommends, without requiring, his liberation by purchase or manumission. The freeing of slaves is recommended both for the expiation of sins (IV:92; V:92; LVIII:3) and as an act of simple benevolence (11: 177; XXIV:33; XC:13).

^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran . Vol. 5. p. 59. Finally, the important role played by slaves as members of this community may help explain the Quran’s emphasis on manumission and kind treatment.

^ Jump up to: a b c Bernard K. Freamon. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures . Brill . pp. 122–3. Before embarking on the typological analysis it is also important to note at the outside that all of the important Quranic rules on slavery are emancipatory. None of the Quran provisions actively further, promote, or counsel the continuation of the pre-Islamic institutions of slavery. Rather, as I and others have argued elsewhere, the message of the Quran appears to be one that exhorts humankind to work toward the attainment of a slavery-free society.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Tamara Sonn (6 October 2015). Islam: History, Religion, and Politics . p. 18. ISBN 9781118972311 . The Quran clearly recognizes that slavery is a source of inequity in society becaise it frequently recommends freeing slaves, along with feeding and clothing the poor as part of living a moral life (90:12-19)...the Quran does not abolish the institution of slavery...slavery was an integral part of the economic system at the time the Quran was revealed; abolition of slavery would have requires an overhaul of the entire socioeconomic system. Therefore, instead of abolishing slavery outright, virtually all interpreters agree that the Quran established an ideal toward which society should: a society in which no one person would be enslaved to another.

^ ( Quran 2:177 , 24:33 , 90:13 )

^ ( Quran 4:92 , 5:92 , 58:3 )

^ Quran 2:177 , 9:60

^ Jump up to: a b c d Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran . Vol. 5. p. 58.

^ Middleberg, Maurice (2016-04-22). " 'All faiths can unite to end modern slavery" . CNN . Archived from the original on 2018-09-04 . Retrieved 2018-09-04 .

^ Omer Faruk Senturk (2007). Charity in Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Zakat . p. x. ISBN 9781597841238 .

^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 5. p. 57. The Qur'an, however, does not consider slaves to be mere chattel; their humanity is directly addressed in references to their beliefs (q 2:221; 4:25, 92), their desire for manumission and their feelings about being forced into prostitution (q 24:33)...The human aspect of slaves is further reinforced by reference to them as members of the private household, sometimes along with wives or children (q.v.; q 23:6; 24:58; 33:50; 70:30) and once in a long list of such members (q 24:31). This incorporation into the intimate family is consistent with the view of slaves in the ancient near east and quite in contrast to Western plantation slavery as it developed in the early modern period.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Jonathan E. Brockopp (2000), Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʻAbd Al-Ḥakam and His Major Compendium of Jurisprudence, Brill, ISBN 978-9004116283 , pp. 131

^ Jump up to: a b Tamara Sonn (6 October 2015). Islam: History, Religion, and Politics . p. 18. ISBN 9781118972311 . The Quran acknowledges that slaves do not have the same legal standing as free people; instead they are treated as minors for whom the owners are responsible. But it recommends that unmarried Muslims marry their slaves (24:32), indicating that it considers slaves and free people morally equal.

^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 5. p. 57. In one case, the Qur'an refers to master and slave with the same word, rajul (q 39:29). Later interpreters presume slaves to be spiritual equals of free Muslims. For example, q 4:25 urges believers to marry “believing maids that your right hands own” and then states: “The one of you is as the other” (ba'dukum min ba'din), which the Jalalayn interpret as “You and they are equal in faith, so do not refrain from marrying them”.

^ Sikainga (2005), p.5-6

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , p. 198 .

^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Lewis . Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry . Oxford University Press . p. 5. But Qur'anic legislation, subsequently confirmed and elaborated in the Holy Law, brought two major changes to ancient slavery which were to have far-reaching effects. One of these was the presumption of freedom; the other, the ban on the enslavement of free persons except in strictly defined circumstances.

^ Quran 24:33

^ Gordon 1989, page 37.

^ www .alhakam .org /what-is-the-meaning-of-those-whom-your-right-hand-possesses-milk-al-yamin

^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan E. Brockopp (2006). "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 5. Brill. pp. 57–58.

^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Freamon. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures . pp. 129–130.

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , pp. 198 –200.

^ Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 25. doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003 . Tradition delights in asserting that the slave's lot was among the latest preoccupations of the Prophet. It has quite a large store of sayings and anecdotes, attributed to the Prophet or to his Companions, enjoining real kindness towards this inferior social class.

^ Bernard Lewis (1992). Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry . Oxford University Press. p. 6 . ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5 . Archived from the original on 2020-05-19 . Retrieved 2020-03-04 . This point is emphasized and elaborated in innumerable hadiths (traditions), in which the Prophet is quoted as urging considerate and sometimes even equal treatment for slaves, denouncing cruelty, harshness, or even discourtesy, recommending the liberation of slaves, and reminding the Muslims that his apostolate was to free and slave alike.

^ Murray Gordon (1989). Slavery in the Arab World . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780941533300 .

^ "Aydin, p.17 (citing Ibn Abdilberr, İstîâb, IV, p. 1868; Nawavî, Tahzib al Asma, I, p. 162; Ibn al Asîr, Usd al Ghâbe, VI, p. 160)" . Archived from the original on July 21, 2011 . Retrieved July 21, 2019 .

^ Hughes (1996), p. 370

^ Jump up to: a b Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 26.

^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Lewis . Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry . Oxford University Press . p. 6.

^ Jonathan A.C. Brown. Slavery and Islam . Oneworld Publications . p. 85. Unenslavability extended to non-Muslims living under Muslim rule. There was agreement that these dhimmis could not be enslaved even if they rebelled against the Muslim government. Even if enemies from outside the Abode of Islam captured dhimmis living under Muslim rule and took them as slaves, they were not legally owned according to the Shariah.

^ Lewis 1990, page 9.

^ Clarence-Smith 2006 , p. 33: "The rider was sometimes added that such people should have been 'rightfully enslaved', although what this meant was far from clear"

^ Jump up to: a b Azizah Y. al-Hibri, 2003

^ Jump up to: a b c Levy (1957) p. 77

^ Gordon 1987, page 19.

^ "23. Surah Al Muminoon (The Believers) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an" . www.searchtruth.com . Retrieved 2022-07-20 .

^ Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, page 13.

^ Lewis 1990, page 14.

^ Jump up to: a b Sikainga (1996) p.5

^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi , Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses 23:1-6 : Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications

^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir 4:24

^ Lewis 1990, page 24.

^ Lewis 1990, page 91.

^ Jump up to: a b [2] Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Umm al-Walad, "Mother of the son. Refers to a slave woman impregnated by her owner…", Oxford Islamic Studies Online

^ Jump up to: a b c Paul Lovejoy (2000) p.2

^ Nashat (1999) p. 42

^ Jump up to: a b Sikainga (1996), p. 22

^ Ali, Kecia (2010). Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam . Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780674059177 . Archived from the original on 2018-11-04 . Retrieved 2018-06-06 .

^
Shaykh al-Tusi stated in Al-Mabsut, Volume 3 page 57

^ al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki in Jame'a al-Maqasid , Volume 6 page 62, Allamah al-Hilli in Al-Tadkira , Volume 2 page 210 and Ali Asghar Merwarid in Al-Yanabi al-Fiqhya , Volume 17 page 187

^ Lewis 85–86

^ John Joseph, Review of Race and Color in Islam by Bernard Lewis , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 5, No. 3. (Jun., 1974), pp. 368-371.

^ Lewis 1990, page 7

^ Jump up to: a b Schimmel (1992) p. 67

^ Esposito (2002) p.148

^ Fazlur Rahman, Islam, University of Chicago Press, p.38

^ Murray Gordon, " Slavery in the Arab World Archived 2018-11-04 at the Wayback Machine ." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987. Page 19.

^ Jump up to: a b Lewis (1990) p. 10

^ Manning (1990) p.28

^ John Esposito (1998) p.40

^ Lewis(1990) 106

^ Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World ." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, page 28.

^ Levy, p.78

^ Khalil b. Ishaq, quoted in Levy (1957) p. 77

^ Jump up to: a b c Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam volume 1 . Vol. 1. Brill. p. 27. doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003 .

^ Except according to Hanafis, who make a free man liable to retaliation in cases of murder

^ Levy (1957) pp. 78-79

^ Khalil bin Ishaq, II, 4

^ Sachau, p.173

^ Levy, p.114

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levy pp. 80-81

^ Jump up to: a b c "Slavery in Islam" . BBC .

^ Jump up to: a b Gordon 1987, pp. 42-43.

^ Lamin Sanneh. The Crown And The Turban: Muslims And West African Pluralism . Routledge . p. 51.

^ Jonathan A.C. Brown. Slavery and Islam . Oneworld Publications . p. 86.

^ Gordon 1987, page 40.

^ Burton, Richard Francis. "Tale of the Second Eunuch". The Book of The Thousand Nights And A Night . Archived from the original on 2012-04-06 . Retrieved 2012-07-03 .

^ Makarem Shirazi, Naser . "ممنوع نشدن اصل برده داری در اسلام" . Archived from the original on 2020-07-12 . Retrieved 2020-07-12 . در بعضى از روايات اسلامى آمده است: بردگان بعد از هفت سال خود به خود آزاد مى‏ شوند، چنانكه از امام صادق(عليه السلام) مى خوانيم: «كسى كه ايمان داشته باشد بعد از هفت سال آزاد مى شود صاحبش بخواهد يا نخواهد و به خدمت گرفتن كسى كه ايمان داشته بعد از هفت سال حلال نيست»

^ Smiley, Will (2018). From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198785415 .

^ Oldfield, John (2011-02-07). "British Anti-slavery" . British History in depth . BBC History. Archived from the original on 2016-09-25 . Retrieved 2016-10-03 .

^ Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 37–38.

^ Jonathan E. Brockopp (2006). "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 5. Brill. p. 60.

^ Jump up to: a b Clarence-Smith 2006 , p. 221.

^ Jump up to: a b c Khaled Abou El Fadl (2009). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists . HarperOne . p. 255-266.

^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Freamon (1998). "Slavery, Freedom, and the Doctrine of Consensus in Islamic Jurisprudence". Harvard Human Rights Journal . 11 (1): 60-61.

^ "Author of Saudi Curriculums Advocates Slavery" . SIA News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2005 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Alt URL

^ "Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic Part 1" (PDF) . salafi publications, abdurrahman.org. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Questioner: ... one of the contemporary wr
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