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Slav | Svensk Porr
by Cristian Violatti
published on 10 September 2014
Available in other languages: French , Turkish , Afrikaans
Bishop Absalon topples the god Svantevit at Arkona
Based on archaeological evidence, we know that Proto-Slavic people were already active by 1,500 BCE from Poland to Belarus.
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Cristian is a public speaker and independent author with a strong passion for the human past. Inspired by the rich lessons of history, Cristian's goal is to stimulate ideas and to spark the intellectual curiosity of his audience.
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The term " Slavs " designates an ethnic group of people who share a long-term cultural continuity and who speak a set of related languages known as the Slavic languages (all of which belong to the Indo-European language family). Little is known about the Slavs before they are mentioned in Byzantine records of the 6th century CE, and most of what we know about them prior to this time is mainly derived from archaeological and linguistic studies. The Byzantine authors refer to the Slavs as "Sclaveni".
The Slavs are the least documented group among the so called "barbarian" enemies of Rome during late antiquity, so there is no scholarly consensus regarding their origin. Authors who wrote about the Slavs do not agree: some say the Slavs were nomads, and others claim they lived in permanent settlements located in forests and swamps; some accounts say they lived under the rule of a king, while others that they embraced a form of democracy. In addition to these discrepancies, we must bear in mind that most of these accounts are filled with the bias of the Romans, who saw all barbarian peoples as primitive, uncivilized, and violent.
Some authors have traced the origin of the Slavs back to indigenous Iron Age tribes living in the valleys of the Oder and Vistula rivers (in present-day Poland and the Czech Republic) around the 1st century CE. This is, however, still a matter of debate. Based on archaeological evidence, we know that Proto-Slavic people were already active by 1,500 BCE within an area that stretched roughly from western Poland to the Dnieper River in Belarus. Rather than having a centre of origin of the Slavic culture , it seems more reasonable to consider a wide territory in which a common cultural trait was shared by its inhabitants.
Linguistic evidence suggests that at some stage during their early times, the territory of the Slavs reached into the western region of Russia and the southern Russian steppes, where they came in contact with Iranian speaking groups. This is based on Slavic languages sharing a striking number of words with the Iranian languages, which can only be explained through diffusion from Iranian into Slavic. Later on, as they moved westward, they came into contact with German tribes and again borrowed several additional terms from Germanic languages. Interestingly, a Polish thinker named Józef Rostafiński had noticed that in all Slavic languages the words for beech, larch, and yew are borrowed from foreign languages, which implies that during early times these type of trees were unknown to the Slavs, a suggestion that could be used as a clue to determine where the Slavic culture originated.
We have very little Slavic mythological material; writing wasn't introduced into Slavic culture until the 9th and 10th centuries CE, during the process of Christianisation.
One important god of the Slavs was Perun, who was related to the Baltic god Perkuno. Like the Norse god Thor , Perun was a thunder god, considered a supreme god by some Slavs, just like Thor was considered the most important god by some Germanic peoples. The male god of youth and spring, named Jarilo (or Iarilo), and his female counterpart, Lada, the goddess of love, were also ranked highly in the Slavic pantheon . Both Jarilo and Lada were gods who died and were resurrected each year, and Jarilo in particular might have had a connection with fertility motifs. During the rise of Christianity , Jarilo played an important role, as he had some attributes in common with Jesus Christ .
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Several multiple-headed gods were also included in Slavic mythology, such as Svantovit (or Svantevit), the god of war , who had four heads, two of them males and the other two females; Porevit, with five heads, representing the summer; Rujevit, with seven faces, the incarnation of autumn; and Triglav, who displayed three heads and was simultaneously looking into the sky, the earth, and the underworld.
In the middle of the 5th century CE, a political vacuum affected the entire region of the Balkans as a result of the fall of the Hunnic Empire . Attila 's campaigns left large areas south of the Danube unsuitable for living and therefore empty. The borders of the Roman Empire bordering the Balkans were kept with difficulty, as new groups were moving within the devastated region. Among these new groups were the Slavs.
Between 531 and 534 CE Roman forces engaged in a series of military campaigns against the Slavs and other groups. During the 550s CE the Slavs advanced towards Thessalonica , entering the region of the Hebrus River and the Thracian coast, destroying several fortified settlements and (according to Roman sources) turning women and children into slaves and killing the adult males. However, they could not reach their target: Thessalonica was saved from disaster due to the presence of a Roman army under the command of Germanus. Later during the early 580s CE, the Slavs combined with the Avars to overwhelm Greece , Thrace, and Thessaly .
The Romans made a pact with the Avars, who received an annual payment of 100,000 gold solidi in return for leaving the Roman borders untouched. The Slavs, on the other hand, did not take part in the agreement, and they marched on to Constantinople in 585 CE but were driven off by the Roman defence. The Slavs continued attacking other settlements, and they finally established the first Slavic permanent settlements in Greece.
Early in the 600s CE, Rome organized a campaign against the Slavs with no positive results. The Slavs and the Avars joined together once again, forming a massive force in 626 CE and, aided by the Bulgars, laid siege to Constantinople. The barbarian coalition almost accomplished its goal, but the Romans managed to repel the attack. After this event, the Avar-Slav alliance came to an end. The Slav occupation of Greece lasted until the 9th century CE, when the Byzantines finally expelled them. By that time, the Slavs had a solid presence in the Balkans and other regions in central and eastern Europe .
Early in the Middle Age, the Slavs occupied a large region, which encouraged the emergence of several independent Slav states. From the 10th century CE onwards, the Slavs underwent a process of gradual cultural divergence that produced a set of closely related but mutually unintelligible languages classified as part of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.
Today, a large number of Slavic languages are still spoken including Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Polish, Serbian, Slovak, Russian, and many others, stretching from central and eastern Europe down into Russia.
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Violatti, C. (2014, September 10). Slavs .
World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Slavs/
Violatti, Cristian. " Slavs ."
World History Encyclopedia . Last modified September 10, 2014.
https://www.worldhistory.org/Slavs/.
Violatti, Cristian. " Slavs ."
World History Encyclopedia . World History Encyclopedia, 10 Sep 2014. Web. 23 Aug 2022.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Slav" redirects here. For other uses, see Slav (disambiguation) .
"Slav peoples" redirects here. For the Slavs of the Early Middle Ages , see Early Slavs . For the First Nations ethnic group, see Slavey .
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Slavs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Majority Slavic ethnicities (More than 50%)
Minority Slavic populations (10–50%)
Original Slavic homeland (modern-day southeastern Poland , northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus )
Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe
^ Originally Eastern Orthodox, with some groups adopting Byzantine-Rite Catholicism under Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century. [ citation needed ]
^ The 180,213 figure is the sum of 178,110 "Serbs" + 2,103 "Serbs-Montenegrins". [81] [82]
^ The 53,786 figure is the sum of 53,605 "Bosniaks" + 181 "Bosniaks-Muslims". [81] [95]
^ The 280,873 figure is the sum of 278,865 "Montenegrins" + 1,833 "Montenegrins-Serbs" + 175 "Montenegrins-Muslims". [81] [95]
^ Including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland. [72]
^ The 20,977 figure is the sum of 20,537 "Muslims" + 183 "Muslims-Bosniaks" + 257 "Muslims-Montenegrins". [81] [95]
^ "Slav" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 3 March 2021 . Slav, member of the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe...
^ Kirch, Aksel (June 1992). "Russians as a Minority in Contemporary Baltic States". Bulletin of Peace Proposals . SAGE Publishing . 23 (2): 205–212. doi : 10.1177/096701069202300212 . JSTOR 44481642 . S2CID 157870839 .
^ Ramet, Pedro (1978). "Migration and Nationality Policy in Soviet Central Asia". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations . California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt . 6 (1): 79–101. JSTOR 23261898 .
^ "Geography and ethnic geography of the Balkans to 1500" . 25 February 1999. Archived from the original on 25 February 1999.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica (18 September 2006). "Slav (people) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" . Britannica.com . Retrieved 18 August 2010 .
^ Kamusella, Tomasz; Nomachi, Motoki; Gibson, Catherine (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders . London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137348395 .
^ Serafin, Mikołaj (January 2015). "Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations" (PDF) . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
^ Živković, Tibor; Crnčević, Dejan; Bulić, Dejan; Petrović, Vladeta; Cvijanović, Irena; Radovanović, Bojana (2013). The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD) . Belgrade: Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-8677431044 .
^ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (January 1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Psychology Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-415-16112-1 .
^ Procopius, History of the Wars,\ , VII. 14. 22–30, VIII.40.5
^ Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, V.33.
^ Curta 2001 , p. 41-42, 50, 55, 60, 69, 75, 88.
^ Balabanov, Kosta (2011). Vinica Fortress : mythology, religion and history written with clay . Skopje: Matica. pp. 273–309.
^ Coon, Carleton S. (1939) The Peoples of Europe . Chapter VI, Sec. 7 New York: Macmillan Publishers.
^ Tacitus. Germania , page 46.
^ Curta 2001: 38. Dzino 2010: 95.
^ Barford, Paul M (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3977-3 .
^ "Procopius, History of the Wars, VII. 14. 22–30" . Clas.ufl.edu . Retrieved 4 April 2014 .
^ Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths , V. 35.
^ Maurice's Strategikon: handbook of Byzantine military strategy , trans. G.T. Dennis (1984), p. 120.
^ Curta 2001 , pp. 91–92, 315.
^ Mallory & Adams "Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
^ Cyril A. Mango (1980). Byzantium, the empire of New Rome . Scribner. p. 26 . ISBN 978-0-684-16768-8 .
^ Tachiaos, Anthony-Emil N. 2001. Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs . Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
^ Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou 1992: Middle Ages
^ Štih, Peter (2010). "V. Wiped Out By The Slavic Settlement? The Issue Of Continuity Between Antiquity And The Early Middle Ages In The Slovene Area" . The Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic: Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History . East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Brill . pp. 85–99. doi : 10.1163/ej.9789004185913.i-463.18 . ISBN 978-9-004-18770-2 .
^ Željko Rapanić; (2013) O početcima i nastajanju Dubrovnika (The origin and formation of Dubrovnik. additional considerations) p. 94; Starohrvatska prosvjeta, Vol. III No. 40, [1]
^ F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans , Journal of Indo-European Studies , vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p.4.
^ F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans , Journal of Indo-European Studies , vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p.3.
^ J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006), pp. 25–26.
^ "Russian" . University of Toronto . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe.
^ Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). "The Slavs". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700 . Cambridge University Press. p. 531. ISBN 9780521362917 .
^ Roman Smal Stocki (1950). Slavs and Teutons: The Oldest Germanic-Slavic Relations . Bruce.
^ Raymond E. Zickel; Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (1 December 1991). Soviet Union: A Country Study . Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8444-0727-2 .
^ Comparative Politics . Pearson Education India. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-81-317-6033-8 .
^ Vlasto 1970 , p. 237.
^ Jump up to: a b Verbenko 2005 , pp. 10–18.
^ Balanovsky 2012 , p. 13.
^ Balanovsky 2012 , p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008 , pp. 236–250.
^ Balanovsky 2012 , p. 26.
^ Rebała, K; Mikulich, AI; Tsybovsky, IS; Siváková, D; Dzupinková, Z; Szczerkowska-Dobosz, A; Szczerkowska, Z (2007). "Y-STR variation among Slavs: Evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin" . Journal of Human Genetics . 52 (5): 406–14. doi : 10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6 . PMID 17364156 .
^ A. Zupan; et al. (2013). "The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations" . Annals of Human Biology . 40 (6): 515–526. doi : 10.3109/03014460.2013.813584 . PMID 23879710 . S2CID 34621779 . However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine... The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.
^ Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 (1): 124–131, doi : 10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 , R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1
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