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Sithonia Hydroponics

Greece seeks mineral lifeboat

Sithonia Hydroponics

Symposia for Division Protected Cultivation and Soilless Culture

Sithonia Hydroponics

By Published: Wednesday, 21 December Greece continues to maintain leading positions worldwide in the production and export of magnesite, bentonite, perlite, pumice and huntite. Investments in equipment of high productivity and low energy consumption for the production of products of high value and better properties are prerequisites for further development of the mining companies in the future. The development of the mining and metallurgical industry in Greece has a strong comparative advantage over other EU countries and this should be used with obvious benefits for the national economy. At the beginning of the 21 st century the expectations of the Greek mining industry appear positive. Most privatisations have proved successful, the restructuring of the sector has yielded good results so far, and the stock market offers the possibility of funding for development programmes aimed at the production of new products and the reduction of operating costs. However, most of the mining companies need to establish or expand their strategic alliances with international businesses in technological know-how and marketing. There is no doubt that the mining industry in Greece has significant strengths. But it must identify and explore the trends and opportunities of the international business environment if it wants to remain competitive and to further improve its position and prospects. Impact of the financial crisis The recent economic crisis in Greece has impacted the mining industry. One of the necessary conditions for the immediate change of this negative climate is the creation of a stable tax system, with emphasis on the reduction of tax rates, elimination of bureaucracy, modernisation of legislation, limitation of the conditions and the significant reduction of the licensing time, and the substantial improvements in telecommunications, energy and transport. Also, Greece must soon incorporate in its law the new European policy for raw materials the Raw Materials Initiative , reduce the projects and activities which require environmental permits, reduce the licensing time in the EU average currently it is up to five times and remove the premeditation of environmental impact. Mineral resources According to the PERC code Pan-European Reserves and Resources Reporting Committee , the indicated reserves of the mineral resources of Greece currently exploited, and those resources presenting good prospects for exploitation, with their value are shown in Table 1. Microcrystalline calcium carbonate, carbonate aggregates, decorative stones of carbonate composition, schists, and muds and clays for ceramics exist in abundant reserves and are not included. Figure 1 shows the locations of the most important mineral resources of Greece. Therefore, in just 20 years the revenue from exploitation of these resources could recoup that debt. Our conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the value of a processed mineral resource in many cases exceeds 20 times that of the raw grade. Thus, vertically integrated mining and processing plants, which have the ability to produce finished products with high added value, will contribute much more quickly to the elimination of this debt and therefore to the rapid development of the National Economy. The output of the last five years of raw and processed minerals, rocks and metallic ores are shown in Table 2 and the value of their exports in Table 3. The percentage contribution of these commodities in the exports of is shown in Figure 2. The number of active and idle quarries is In recent years, several rocks suitable for producing high quality hard aggregates for non-slip roads have been exploited. Such rocks are mainly andesites, diabases and gabbros. The annual production of hard aggregates is limited although the demand is great. There are 45 companies producing building materials, 3 cement companies, 80 concrete companies, and 43 companies of cement products. A mining quarry and a melting plant of amphibolites, and other rocks, to produce rockwool, has operated since in Terpni Serres. Attapulgite Large reserves of high quality attapulgite are south-east of Grevena, in the Ventzia basin. The attapulgite is accompanied by saponite. The two minerals have excellent absorbent and thixotropic properties. Geohellas Co. SA exploits the deposits, and produced 30, tonnes in These are brown-red, because of the contained iron oxides. But there are white colored bauxites, which are rich in aluminium and poor in iron. SA produces about 1m. Delfi-Distomon Co. SA a subsidiary of Aluminium SA follows with about , tpa, dedicated exclusively to the parent feedstock. Elmin Co. SA presents a good perspective of increasing production and exports of its bauxites exploited. Its total production of bauxite in was 1. ASA is the largest consumer of Greek bauxite, processing 1. Bentonite Greece is the second country after the USA in production of bentonite, which in was 1. Bentonite deposits have been found in the islands of Lesvos and Chios, and in the region of Mesti-Sykorrachi Evros. The bentonite price depends on the degree of processing, the grain size and the packaging. Carbonate materials Calcium carbonate White friable microcrystalline limestones are found in Zakynthos Kounafas and Marina and Kefalonia Minies , which are the main production centres of white carbonate products. These limestones, dolomitic and calcitic marbles, and huntite, are the raw materials used in the production of carbonate fillers in Greece. Ionian Kalk Co. SA operates a mine and processing plant in Argostoli Kefalonia. The company has established a production unit of hydrophilic and hydrophobic products from crystalline calcium carbonate, with a capacity of , tpa. Zafranas-Petrochem Co. SA operates its plant in Corinth. Microcrystalline white limestone from Zakynthos and tailings of dolomitic marble from Thassos and Drama, and imported talc, are the raw materials it uses. Dionyssos-Penteli Marbles Co. SA uses tailings of marble and limestone to produce fillers. Marble filler is produced as a by-product of the main activity of the company, which is the exploitation of white marbles. The quarry is located in Dionyssos Attica. The second product is from microcrystalline, soft limestone, from a quarry in Zakynthos. The average annual production of fillers is about 40, tpa. Some , tpa of calcium carbonate is produced for construction and other industrial applications. Since the company has produced dry mortars. Huntite Huntite exists in lacustrine formations of the Kozani basin. The concentrations of huntite-hydromagnesite prevail in the south-east part of the basin, where Mesozoic dolomitic limestones and dolomites are the host. Production of huntite is from two mines by White Minerals Co. SA majority owned by Ankerpoort, a subsidiary of the Sibelco Group. At its plant near Lefkara Kozani, the company processes the extracted material from the nearby mine and produces a final product, most of which is exported. Only a domestic paper industry uses small quantities of this product as filler. Other carbonates Pure or marly limestones exist throughout the country. Sound limestones are used for the production of building or decoration stones, while the folded or fragmented stones are used to produce aggregates or other products. Travertines are hard, fine-crystalline, solid or massive, often concretional, white to brown in color, and used as decorative stones. Although their reserves in most cases are suitable for a wide range of applications, including production of caustic calcined magnesia and refractories, the availability of high quality magnesite prevents the use of dolomite in such applications. Sound dolomites are used as decorative stones. White, fine-crystalline and homogeneous calcitic marbles, such as those of Penteli and Paros, are very rare. Their excellent appearance is due to their transparency and their ability to reflect light. But hundreds of quarries that produce inferior quality marbles operate in Greece. The marble industry, including other natural decorative stones, continues to be one of the most productive sectors of the Greek economy. Today, the marble industry includes about 3, companies mining, processing, and trade. The most important centres of white marbles are found in the prefectures of Drama and Kavala including Thassos, which is world famous for the snow-white dolomites. Today, the operating marble quarries are more than Usually they are intersected pegmatitic veins of great thickness and length. The most common form of feldspar in Greece is Na-feldspar, while K-feldspar is very rare. Turkey is the largest competitor of Greece in the supply of feldspars in the EU. The requirement of the Greek ceramic industries for feldspar is about 40, tpa. The production about 23, tpa partially covers the needs of domestic industries of sanitaryware and glassware. Mevior Co. SA majority owned by Ankerpoort extracts pegmatites rich in Na-feldspars in the area of Karteres Thessaloniki. The processing plant operates in Assiros Thessaloniki. SA: with headquarters in Egaleo Attica and plant in Ionia Thessaloniki, consumes about 1, tpa of similar material for tiles and sanitaryware. Filceram Johnson Co. SA extracted feldspars in the area of Platanochori Chalkidiki and consumes about 30, tpa of coarse-grained material mm for floor and wall tiles. The company suspended operations at the end of Therefore, gypsum may be considered as an investment target of low risk. The gypsum occurrences at Sousaki and Lavrio are exceptions associated with hydrothermal activity and alteration phenomena. Small excavations take place periodically in western Crete, Skopos Zakynthos, and Etoliko and Amphilochia Etoloakarnania. The area of Altsi is exploited for gypsum by Lava Co. SA, and Viogyps Karvelis Co. Production of gypsum in Greece depends heavily on the cement industry. Demand for gypsum for construction applications in recent years has continually decreased owing to the economic crisis. But kaolin is periodically mined only in Milos and Lefkogia Drama. The two deposits are different in origin. The low quality of the Milos kaolin is mainly due to the presence of opal silica and alunite sulphureous mineral. The Lefkogia kaolin is of residual type and is formed from the weathering of gneisses and schist gneisses. The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of both types of kaolin make them unsuitable for high quality coatings and fillers. The entire production of Lefkogia is domestically consumed by Filceram Johnson Co for floor and wall tiles. The domestic industrial needs for high quality kaolin are met by imports. Since the production of kaolin has dropped dramatically, mainly because of a lack of good quality deposits. Muds and clays for ceramics and pottery exist in abundant reserves throughout Greece. Magnesite Greek magnesite ores are of vein or sedimentary type. The former are exclusively associated with ophiolites and they have been developed in serpentinites, frequently schisted, where magnesite zones are very thick and several kilometers long. The major vein type magnesite ores stockwork are in Chalkidiki Vasilika, Vavdos, Polygyros, Yerakini, Ormylia and are the only deposits under exploitation. The sedimentary ores of magnesite in Greece, which are not exploited, are located in the Serbia-Eani basin and Varvara and Karkara Chalkidiki hosted in clay-marly sediments. The magnesite of Chalkidiki is high quality and contains Grecian Magnesite Co. SA, is the largest exporter of magnesia in the EU. Most reserves, along with the processing unit, are located in Yerakini, Chalkidiki. The company exports magnesite, caustic and dead burned magnesia, and refractory masses. SA until operated as Macedonian Olivinites Ltd. Production in was 30, tonnes, a year in which the company entered the market with a new series of finished products. The future exploitation of the dunite deposits of Vavdos Chalkidiki seems very positive. Perlite Greece is first in exports and second in production of perlite in the world. Only a small portion of the sized perlite in its expanded form is consumed domestically. Greece is the main supplier to Europe with competing countries including Turkey, Italy, Hungary and Armenia. Perlite is extracted on the islands of Milos and Kos. Perlite is mined primarily in Milos, where the indicated reserves are 1bn tonnes. Aegean Perlites Co. SA is a smaller producer in the Islet Gyali. The largest percentage of mined perlite is transferred to its plant in Ritsona Viotia, where expanded perlite is produced. This is distributed in the international and domestic markets by subsidiary company Isocon. Sales of perlite in the domestic market are only 1. Perlite demand is expected to increase, owing to the consumption of perlite in new applications, such as in agriculture, in filter manufacturing, and in cryogenic applications. In , production of crude perlite was , tonnes, while that of processed was , tonnes. The building industry eg. The Lava Co. SA operates the only mine in the Gyali Islet in Eastern Aegean and has been the leading exporter of pumice in the world. Production of pozzolan in Greece during was 1. Almost all pozzolan is consumed by the cement industry. Five companies are involved: Lava Co. SA, Kyvos Co. SA, and Hellenic Pozzolanes Co. The cement industry Titan is supplied by all the production of the companies extracting pozzolanic earth in Pella Prefecture:. Quartz Abundant quartz sands of terrestrial or fluvial origin for building use exist in many regions of Greece. Sand mines with or without permits operate in riverside areas of almost all of the rivers. Quartz sand of 1. Also, small deposits of quartz sand have been found in Argos Orestiko Kastoria, and of quartz pebbles of , tonnes in Achlada Florina. Quartz sand of terrestrial or fluvial origin of high quality has not been found so far in Greece, and for this reason it is imported. A large number of quartz veins, usually of small dimension, intercept the crystalline schist rocks of the Rhodope, Serbomacedonian, Pelagonian and Attiko-cyclatic Zones. Moreover, flint has been identified in Doriskos Evros and porcelanites in Aridea and Kozani. The quartz of Roussa Evros is of very good quality, but it has not exploited yet. The milky quartz of vein origin partially covers the needs of the Greek ceramic industries. The reserves under exploitation are found in the Prefectures of Thessaloniki Examili , Kilkis, Chalkidiki and Larissa, and have started the necessary procedures for the exploitation of new valuable deposits in the Prefectures of Trikala, Kozani, and Imathia. Production of quartz is about 15, tpa. The annual requirement for quartz in the Greek ceramic and glass industries is about 80, tonnes. The only company producing quartz is Mevior SA, whose processing unit operates in Assiros, Thessaloniki. The rest is consumed by domestic ceramic and glass industries, for the production of sanitaryware and porcelain, and glass products eg. Vitruvit, Ionia Porcelain, Youla, with about 1, tpa each. A second feature on Greek mineral prospects for exploration and exploitation will follow in IM February Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Mining Enterprises Association of Greece and the colleagues who provided information in compiling this article and the graduate student Evangelos Tzamos for the drawing of the map with the mineral resources of Greece. References available on request. The cement industry Titan is supplied by all the production of the companies extracting pozzolanic earth in Pella Prefecture: - Kyvos Co.

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