Silk Nylon
⚡ ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
Silk Nylon
Last Updated on Mon, 26 Sep 2022 |
Global Warming
About
Contact
Advertise
Privacy Policy
Resources
Ways to Improve Your Vision Naturally
Detoxification and Cleansing Programs
The Benefits Of Veganism For You And The Planet
Replace Toxic Products in your home
Nylon is a linear polymer that contains the amide bonds CONH (Tetsuya et al. 1998). Natural polymers, such as protein, also have amide groups in their molecular structure. However, nylon with the exception of nylon-1, is resistant against proteolytic enzymes, whereas protein is easily hydrolyzed by these enzymes (Tetsuya et al. 1998). Nylon has the same structure as silk but different behaviors in the degradation process. One is degradable, but the other one is non-degradable .
Silk and Nylon 6,6 are considered to be twin polymers because both of them have a similar structure, but these twins have different behaviors in the decomposition process. Nylon was the result of research directed by Wallace Hume Carothers at du Pont. Nylon gained rapid attention for use in stockings and in making parachutes (Katz 1981).
To find the problem the whole pathway of producing nylon (Crude oil —> Naphtha —> Benzene —» hexamethylene diamine —> Adipic acid —» Nylon 6,6) needs supervision.
Nylon 6,6 is the most commercially successful polyamide and has been widely used for a long term. One of the most popular topics is the relationship between the microstructure of nylon and its twin polymer (silk), because the knowledge about it is very important for controlling the physical and mechanical performance. (Lu et al. 2004; Ramesh 1994; Keller 1994)
As it is shown in the whole pathway from crude oil to plastic, nylon 6,6 is synthesized by reacting adipic acid with hexamethylene diamine.
Nylons (polyamides) have the characteristics of amide groups in the chain, which can form hydrogen bond with each other.
H-bonds connect neighboring chain segments and form an extended planar sheet such that NH groups are able to form strong hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the CO group, which causes a crystal structure of nylon. The intermolecular contains the H-bonds. The formation of the extended sheets dominates the structure.
As shown in Figure 9.27, nylon has a symmetrical structure with the same monomers in the chain. This is common in most synthetic polymers. In the whole process, from crude oil to nylon (and many other oil-based-polymers), large molecules (macromolecules) are broken down into small molecules that build the body of future polymers. This is a linearized process, which is rare in nature. Since everything in nature is non-linear and consequently sustainable, most synthetic processes disagree with natural processes (Khan et al. 2005).
At first look at the silk chemical structure, it seems that nylon and silk have exactly the same structure. However, one is degrad-able and harmless, and the other is non-degradable and resistant to decomposition process. So, where is the point that makes these two materials different?
From the structure of silk (Figure 9.31), it can be seen that it has four, five, or six carbons between amide units. Nature acts much more economical by using only one carbon between amide groups (website 13). Nature substitutes this carbon with several different functional segments and groups (Website 13). In other words, in synthetic production the same groups of molecules are used, but nature uses diverse groups for building a polymer. In fact, this difference is apparent not only between silk and nylon but also in most polymers that have been imitated from the nature.
Nature uses diverse groups of monomers for a polymer like silk, and, more importantly, there are different kinds of silk in nature, such as silks produced by spiders, for which little study has been done. The amino acid sequence repeats in spider fibroins, but each order in which they come can give infinitely variable properties. How's that for tailored microstructure! The synthetic grows dull in comparison, each repeat unit exactly the same. How feeble are we.
The compositions of most spider silks are similar to those of the textile silk produced by the silk moth B. mori. Here is how we can understand how nature produces silk and how weak synthetic processes are in imitating it:
"B. mori fibroin is known to contain multiple repeats of a hexa-peptide and the hexapeptide GAG AGS occurs in blocks of 8-10 repeats, separated by another repeating motif that is more variable. These two large sequence blocks repeat four or five times between a small, approximately 30 residue, section of non-repetitive sequence called the 'amorphous domain.' Thus, B. mori fibroin contains a preponderance of long crystal forming blocks, which establishes a strong potential for crystal formation, and this probably accounts for the high crystal content of B. mori silk." (Gosline et al. 2002, 3299; Mita et al. 1994)
This example illustrates the complexity and diversity of silk in the polymer world compared to synthetic silks (nylons), which are simple and repeatable.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Family of synthetic polymers originally developed as textile fibres
For other uses, see Nylon (disambiguation) .
^ The polyamides may be aliphatic or semi-aromatic .
^ Actually the most common nylon polymers are made from hexamethylenediamine, with one more CH 2 group than cadaverine.
^ Typically 80 to 100% is sent to landfill or garbage dumps, while less than 18% are incinerated while recovering the energy. See Francesco La Mantia (August 2002). Handbook of plastics recycling . iSmithers Rapra Publishing. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-85957-325-9 .
^ Clark, Jim. "Polyamides" . Chemguide . Retrieved 27 January 2015 .
^ "Nylon" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-12-30 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ Lew, Darrin (2021-04-19). "Theoretical Comparison Between Nylon and Silk - Global Warming" . Dr. Darrin Lew . Retrieved 2021-06-24 .
^ Vogler, H. (2013). "Wettstreit um die Polyamidfasern". Chemie in unserer Zeit . 47 : 62–63. doi : 10.1002/ciuz.201390006 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nylon, a Petroleum Polymer" . American Oil and Gas Historical Society . Retrieved 21 June 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kohan, Melvin (1995). Nylon Plastics Handbook . Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 1569901899 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Nylons (Polyamide)" . British Plastics Federation . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Science of Plastics" . Science History Institute . 2016-07-18 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c DuPont (1988). Nylon: A DuPont Invention . DuPont International, Public Affairs. pp. 2–3.
^ Jump up to: a b American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. "Foundations of Polymer Science: Wallace Hume Carothers and the Development of Nylon" . ACS Chemistry for Life . Retrieved 27 January 2015 .
^ "Wallace Hume Carothers" . Science History Institute . June 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b McIntyre, J. E. (2005). Synthetic fibres : nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin (1st ed.). Cambridge: Woodhead. p. 10. ISBN 9780849325922 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Travis, Anthony S. (1998). Determinants in the evolution of the European chemical industry : 1900-1939 : new technologies, political frameworks, markets and companies . Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ. p. 115. ISBN 9780792348900 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholson, Joseph L.; Leighton, George R. (August 1942). "Plastics Come of Age" . Harper's Magazine . pp. 300–307 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wolfe, Audra J. (2008). "Nylon: A Revolution in Textiles" . Chemical Heritage Magazine . 26 (3) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .
^ "The History and Future of Plastics" . Conflicts in Chemistry: The Case of Plastics . 2016-07-18 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ndiaye, Pap A.; Forster, Elborg (2007). Nylon and bombs : DuPont and the march of modern America . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780801884443 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kativa, Hillary (2016). "Synthetic Threads" . Distillations . 2 (3): 16–21 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Meikle, Jeffrey L. (1995). American plastic : A cultural history (1. ppb. print ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813522358 .
^ "Neoprene: The First Synthetic Rubber" . chlorine.americanchemistry.com . Archived from the original on 2020-09-26 . Retrieved 2018-12-06 .
^ "Wallace Carothers and the Development of Nylon - Landmark" . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 2019-08-14 .
^ Stout, David (1996-02-01). "Julian W. Hill, Nylon's Discoverer, Dies at 91" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-14 .
^ Jump up to: a b c US patent 2130523 , Carothers W.H., "Linear polyamides and their production", issued 1938-09-20, assigned to EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co.
^ "Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America 9781421403342, 9780801884443" . dokumen.pub . Retrieved 2022-08-08 .
^ "A NATIONAL HISTORIC CHEMICAL LANDMARK THE FIRST NYLON PLANT" (PDF) . AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Blakinger, Keri (April 30, 2016). "A look back at some of the coolest attractions at the 1939 World's Fair" . New York Daily News . Retrieved 20 June 2017 .
^ Sundberg, Richard J. (2017). The Chemical Century: Molecular Manipulation and Its Impact on the 20th Century . Apple Academic Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781771883665 .
^ Jump up to: a b Colbert, Judy (2013). It Happened in Delaware . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7627-9577-2 .
^ Olds, Lauren (2001). "World War II and Fashion: The Birth of the New Look" . Constructing the Past . 2 (1): Article 6 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Krier, Beth Ann (27 October 1988). "How Nylon Changed the World : 50 Years Ago Today, It Reshaped the Way We Live--and Think" . LA Times .
^ "Parachute Wedding Dress, 1947" . Smithsonian National Museum of American History . Retrieved 20 June 2017 .
^ Woman's Home Companion . Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 75 : 155. 1948. {{ cite journal }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help )
^ Reader's Digest (2002). New complete guide to sewing: step-by-step techniques for making clothes and home accessories . London: Reader's Digest. p. 19. ISBN 9780762104208 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ "How to buy a trail bed" . Backpacker . 5 (3): 70. June 1977 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Mendelson, Cheryl (2005). Home comforts : the art and science of keeping house . New York: Scribner. p. 224 . ISBN 978-0743272865 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Shaeffer, Claire (2008). Claire Shaeffer's fabric sewing guide (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Krause Publications. pp. 88 –90. ISBN 978-0896895362 .
^ Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. (2002). Handbook of air pollution prevention and control . Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 65 . ISBN 9780080507927 .
^ Stern, Arthur C., ed. (1970). Air pollution and its effects (2nd ed.). New York: Academic press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-12-666551-2 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Garte, Seymour (2008). Where we stand : a surprising look at the real state of our planet . New York: AMACOM. p. 60 . ISBN 978-0814409107 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Haggard, John V. (16 May 1957). "Chapter III: Collaborative Procurement of Textiles" . Procurement of Clothing and Textiles, 1945-53 . 2 (3): 79–84.
^ Jump up to: a b Handley, Susannah (1999). Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0756771720 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Goodale, Ernest W. (16 November 1951). "The Blending & Mixture of Textile Fibres & Yarns". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts . 100 (4860): 4–15. JSTOR 41368063 .
^ Algeo, John (2009). The Origins and Development of the English Language . Vol. 6. Cengage. p. 224. ISBN 9781428231450 .
^ Wilton, David (2008). Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-199-74083-3 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilson, Sheena; Carlson, Adam; Szeman, Imre (2017). Petrocultures: Oil, Politics, Culture . Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780773550391 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ "Global Nylon Market Analysis and Outlook 2020-2027 - Nylon 6" .
^ "Market Report: Global Polyamide Market" . Acmite Market Intelligence. December 2014.
^ Welsh, Jennifer (21 May 2016). "The American Flags on the Moon Have All Turned White" . Business Insider . Retrieved 14 April 2017 .
^ Platoff, Anne M. (1993). "NASA Contractor Report 188251 Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon" . NASA . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
^ Ratner, Buddy D. (2013). Biomaterials science : an introduction to materials in medicine (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 74–77. ISBN 9780080877808 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Denby, Derek; Otter, Chris; Stephenson, Kay (2008). Chemical storylines (3rd ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 96. ISBN 9780435631475 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Cowie, J. M. G. (1991). Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials (2nd ed.). Blackie. pp. 16–17 . ISBN 0-216-92980-6 .
^ Rudin, Alfred (1982). Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering . Academic Press. pp. 32–33 . ISBN 0-12-601680-1 .
^ "Diamine-dicarboxylic acid salts and process of preparing same US 2130947 A" . Patents . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Synthetic fiber US 2130948 A" . Patents . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Fiber-reinforced composite articles and methods of making them CA 2853925 A1" . Patents . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Magat, Eugene E.; Faris, Burt F.; Reith, John E.; Salisbury, L. Frank (1951-03-01). "Acid-catalyzed Reactions of Nitriles. I. The Reaction of Nitriles with Formaldehyde1". Journal of the American Chemical Society . 73 (3): 1028–1031. doi : 10.1021/ja01147a042 . ISSN 0002-7863 .
^ Lakouraj, Moslem Mansour; Mokhtary, Masoud (2009-02-20). "Synthesis of polyamides from p-Xylylene glycol and dinitriles". Journal of Polymer Research . 16 (6): 681. doi : 10.1007/s10965-009-9273-z . ISSN 1022-9760 . S2CID 98232570 .
^ Gotro, Jeffrey (May 6, 2013). "Bio-Polyamides: Where Do They Come From?" . Polymer Innovation Blog .
^ "Process for producing 1,9-nonanedial US 4510332 A" . Patents . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Preparation of xylylenediamines US 2970170 A" . Patents . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Ajinomoto and Toray to Conduct Joint Research on Biobased Nylon" . Toray. 3 Feb 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 .
^ "Durethan® is the trade name for our range of engineering thermoplastics based on polyamide 6 and polyamide 66" . LANXESS Energizing Chemistry . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Polyamide Resins for an Extreme World Flagship Rilsan® PA11 and Complementary Resins & Alloys" . Arkema . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "VESTAMID® L—polyamide 12" . EVONIK . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Stanyl® Polyamide 46: Driving change in automotive" . DSM . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "EcoPaXX: The green performer" . DSM . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "ForTii® Pushing peak performance" . DSM . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "zytel - PA6, PA610, PA612, PA66 - dupont" . Material Data Center . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Zytel® 74G33EHSL NC010" . DISTRUPOL . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Kutz, Myer (2011). Applied plastics engineering handbook processing and materials (1st ed.). Amsterdam: William Andrew. p. 5. ISBN 9781437735154 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "DuPont TM Selar® PA 2072" (PDF) . DuPont . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-19 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ "Grilamid L PA12" . EMS . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Samperi, Filippo; Montaudo, Maurizio S.; Puglisi, Concetto; Di Giorgi, Sabrina; Montaudo, Giorgio (August 2004). "Structural Characterization of Copolyamides Synthesized via the Facile Blending of Polyamides". Macromolecules . 37 (17): 6449–6459. Bibcode : 2004MaMol..37.6449S . doi : 10.1021/ma049575x .
^ "Adhesive for nylon & kevlar" . Reltek . Retrieved 27 January 2015 .
^ Berners-Lee, Mike (2010). How bad are bananas? : the carbon footprint of everything . London: Profile Books. p. 112, table 6.1.
^ Eco-profiles and Environmental Product Declarations of the European Plastics Manufacturers: Polyamide 6.6 . Brussels: PlasticsEurope AISBL. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27 . Retrieved 2015-04-19 .
^ "Approximate Time it Takes for Garbage to Decompose in the Environment" (PDF) . NH Department of Environmental Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-13 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Chhabra, Esha (18 May 2016). "Recycling nylon is good for the planet – so why don't more companies do it?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2021 .
^ Boydell, P; Bradfield, C; von Falkenhausen, V; Prautzsch, G (1995). "Recycling of Waste from Glass-reinforced nylon resins". Engineering Design . 2 : 8–10.
^ Maile, Kelly (January 18, 2019). "How abandoned fishing nets are recycled into nylon" . Recycling Today . Retrieved 15 March 2019 .
^ Vanden Recycling. "PA / Nylon fibres are used in textiles, fishing line and carpets" . Retrieved 7 Feb 2020 .
^ EPA (19 October 2018). "Nylon Carpet: Pros and Cons" . Retrieved 27 May 2021 .
^ EPA (7 September 2017). "Durable Goods: Product-Specific Data (Carpets and Rugs)" . Retrieved 27 May 2021 .
^ Floor covering weekly. "Shaw recognized for Cradle to Cradle commitment" . Retrieved 27 May 2021 .
^ Shaw Industries. "Cradle To Cradle®" . Retrieved 27 May 2021 .
^ Valerie Menzer's Nylon 66 Webpage . Arizona University
^ Campbell, Ian M. (2000). Introduction to synthetic polymers . Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0198564706 .
^ "Measurement of Moisture Effects on the Mechanical Properties of 66 Nylon - TA Instruments Thermal Analysis Application Brief TA-133" (PDF) . TA Instruments . Retrieved 19 June 2017 .
^ Bjarnason, J. E.; Chan, T. L. J.; Lee, A. W. M.; Celis, M. A.; Brown, E. R. (2004). "Millimeter-wave, terahertz, and mid-infrared transmission through common clothing". Applied Physics Letters . 85 (4): 519. Bibcode : 2004ApPhL..85..519B . doi : 10.1063/1.1771814 .
^ "Flammable clothing" . The Children's Hospital at Westmead . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .
^ Workshop on Mass Burns (1968 : Washington, D.C.) (1969). Phillips, Anne W.; Walter, Carl W. (eds.). Mass burns : proceeding of a workshop, 13-14 March 1968 / sponsored by the Committee on Fire Research, Division of Engineering, National Research Council and the Office of Civil Defense, Dept. of the Army . Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences ; Springfield, Va. : reproduced
Pussy Ass Licking Video
Nurse Dead By Daylight
Maid Sex Video