Sidon Rule 34

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Sidon Rule 34
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Capital city of South Governorate, Lebanon
For other uses, see Sidon (disambiguation) .
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sidon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Panorama of Sidon as seen from the top of the Sea Castle, 2009

^ Webb, Steven K. (2 June 2012). "Webb's Easy Bible Names Pronunciation Guide: Featuring every proper name in the English Bible (including the Apocrypha)" . Steve Webb Productions – via Google Books.

^ Jump up to: a b Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 . p. 113 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II . John Murray . p. 1064 .

^ Jump up to: a b Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 . p. 138 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II . John Murray . p. 1065 .

^ Frederick Carl Eiselen (1907). Sidon: A Study in Oriental History, Volume 4 . Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780231928007 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965). Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 136 . Imprimerie Catholique.

^ Jacoby, David (1997). "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade". Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean . pp. 455 ff and notes [17]–[19].

^ "Porphyrogennetos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . New York, NY & Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1701. ISBN 0-195-04652-8 .

^ Thomas Kelly, Herodotus and the Chronology of the Kings of Sidon, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , no. 268, pp. 39–56, 1987

^ Tucker 2019 , p. 876.

^ "Istanbul Archaeology Museum" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2008 .

^ Runciman 1987 , p. 308.

^ Winter, Stefan (2020). "Saïda à l'époque des agha-s: la famille Hammud et l'État ottoman au XVIIIe siècle" . Archivum Ottomanicum . 37 : 219–242.

^ Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; Publishers Lord Mayhew , Dennis Walters MP , Editor Michael Adams ; John Bulloch pp.6-7. No 148, 24 April 1981; Jim Muir p.3

^ Middle East International No 557, 29 August 1997; Michael Jansen p.3. No 558. 12 September 1997; Michael Jansen pp.4,6-7

^ [1] Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine

^ "Towards a Regionally Balance Development" (PDF) . Undp.org.lb . Retrieved 16 March 2015 .

^ Antelava, Natalia (25 December 2009). "Lebanese city's mountain of rubbish" . BBC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 .

^ "Mountain of rubbish overwhelms Sidon" . Emirates 24/7 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 .

^ "Sidon chokes under rubbish dump" . Retrieved 15 September 2014 .

^ "Syringes plague Sidon beach as dump spills medical waste" . The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon . Retrieved 15 September 2014 .

^ "Saïdā (Sidone) (Maronite Eparchy) [Catholic-Hierarchy]" . www.catholic-hierarchy.org . Retrieved 28 March 2019 .

^ Simon, Reeva S., Michael M. Laskier, and Sara Reguer, eds. 2003. The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. New York: Columbia University Press. P. 332

^ "Welcome to Debbane Palace" . Museumsaida.org . Retrieved 6 May 2009 .

^ Reading Room Manchester. "Cemetery Details" . CWGC . Retrieved 29 January 2015 .

^ Gigues, P. E. (1937–1938), "Lébé'a, Kafer-Garra, Qrayé: nécropoles de la région sidonienne". BMB (Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth) , vol. 1, pp. 35–76, vol. 2, pp. 30–72, vol. 3, pp. 54–63.

^ Doumet-Serhal, C. 2006. "The Early Bronze Age in Sidon: 'College Site' Excavations (1998–2000–2001)". Bibliotheque archeologique et historique 178. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient

^ Doumet-Serhal, C. 2010. "Sidon during the Bronze Age: Burials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds at 'College Site ' ". '"Near Eastern Archaeology 73:114–129

^ Jump up to: a b Hélène Sader, Jens Kamlah (2010). "Tell el-Burak: A New Middle Bronze Age Site from Lebanon" . Near Eastern Archaeology , Vol. 73, No. 2/3 (2010), pp. 130–141. University of Chicago Press

^ Nina Jidéjian, "Greater Sidon and its 'Cities of the Dead ' " , National Museum News , page 24

^ "Previous Excavation" . SidonExcavation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 .

^ "Suda, § gam.481" .

^ "Ahmad Hijazi - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" . globalsportsarchive.com . Retrieved 23 November 2020 .

^ "Hussein Zein - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" . globalsportsarchive.com . Retrieved 23 November 2020 .


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sidon .
With correspondence to modern geography

Jerusalem : Aelia Capitolina
Acre : Ptolemais
Caesarea : Caesarea Maritima
Imwas : Emmaus Nicopolis
Banias : Neronias


Petra : Petra
Umm Qais : Gadara
Jerash : Gerasa


Arqa : Arca Caesarea
Beirut : Berytus
Baalbek : Heliopolis
Saida : Sidon
Tyre : Tyrus


Bosra : Bostra
Damascus : Damascus
Dura-Europos : Dura-Europus
Homs : Emesa
Latakia : Laodicea
Shahba : Philippopolis
Tadmur : Palmyra


Antakya : Antioch
Samandağ : Seleucia

Sidon ( / ˈ s aɪ d ə n / SYE -duhn ), [1] known locally as Sayda or Saida ( Arabic : صيدا ), is the third-largest city in Lebanon . It is located in the South Governorate , of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. Tyre to the south and Lebanese capital Beirut to the north are both about 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Sidon has a population of about 80,000 within city limits , while its metropolitan area has more than a quarter-million inhabitants.

The Phoenician name Ṣīdūn ( 𐤑𐤃𐤍 , ṢDN ) probably meant "fishery" or "fishing town". [6] It is mentioned in Papyrus Anastasi I as Djedouna . [2] [3] [4] [5] It appears in Biblical Hebrew as Ṣīḏōn ( Hebrew : צִידוֹן ) and in Syriac as Ṣidon ( ܨܝܕܘܢ ). This was Hellenised as Sidṓn ( Greek : Σιδών ), which was Latinised as Sidon . The name appears in Classical Arabic as Ṣaydūn ( صَيْدونْ ) and in Modern Arabic as Ṣaydā ( صيدا ).

As a Roman colony , it was notionally refounded and given the formal name Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon to honour its imperial sponsor.

In the Book of Genesis , Sidon was the first-born son of Canaan , who was a son of Ham , thereby making Sidon a great-grandson of Noah .

During the crusades , Sidon was known in Latin as Sagittus and in French as Saete , Sayette or Sagette .

In the years before Christianity, Sidon had many conquerors: Assyrians , Babylonians , Egyptians , Persians , Greeks , and finally Romans . Herod the Great visited Sidon. Both Jesus and Saint Paul are said to have visited it, too (see Biblical Sidon below). The city was eventually conquered by the Arabs and then by the Ottoman Turks . [ citation needed ]

Sidon has been inhabited since very early in prehistory. The archaeological site of Sidon II shows a lithic assemblage dating to the Acheulean , whilst finds at Sidon III include a Heavy Neolithic assemblage suggested to date just prior to the invention of pottery . [7]

Sidon was one of the most important Phoenician cities, and it may have been the oldest. From there and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. Homer praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonising party went to found the city of Tyre . Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of Phoenicia .

Glass manufacturing, Sidon's most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, and the production of purple dye was almost as important. The small shell of the Murex trunculus was broken in order to extract the pigment that was so rare it became the mark of royalty. [8] [9]

In AD 1855, the sarcophagus of King Eshmun’azar II was discovered. From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a "king of the Sidonians," probably in the 5th century BC, and that his mother was a priestess of ‘Ashtart , "the goddess of the Sidonians." [10] In this inscription the gods Eshmun and Ba‘al Sidon 'Lord of Sidon' (who may or may not be the same) are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled ‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al, '‘Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in an Ugaritic text. [ citation needed ]

Nebuchadnezzar II subjugated the city to be part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire . [11] At the end of the Persian era, in 351 BC, Phoenicia was invaded by Artaxerxes III . [ citation needed ]

Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors, first by the Persian Achamenid empire in the 6th century BC, ending with its occupation by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, and the start of the Hellenistic era of Sidon's history. The Persian influence seems to have been profound, as is observed in the change of the architectural style of the city. Under the successors of Alexander , it enjoyed relative autonomy and organised games and competitions in which the greatest athletes of the region participated. In the Hellenistic-period necropolis of Sidon, important finds such as the Alexander Sarcophagus , the Lycian tomb and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women were discovered, which are now on display at the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul . [12]

When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins. The Romans also built a theater and other major monuments in the city. In the reign of Elagabalus , a Roman colony was established there. During the Byzantine period, when the great earthquake of AD 551 destroyed most of the cities of Phoenice , Beirut's School of Law took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the next century, until it was conquered by the Arabs in AD 636. [ citation needed ]

On 4 December 1110, Sidon was captured after the siege of Sidon , a decade after the First Crusade , by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem and King Sigurd I of Norway . It then became the center of the Lordship of Sidon , an important vassal-state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Saladin captured it from the Crusaders in 1187, but German Crusaders restored it to Christian control in the Crusade of 1197 . It would remain an important Crusader stronghold until it was finally destroyed by the Ayyubids in 1249. In 1260, it was again destroyed by the Mongols led by Kitbuqa . [13] The remains of the original walls are still visible. [ citation needed ] [ dubious – discuss ]

After Sidon came under Ottoman Turkish rule in the early 16th century, it became the capital of the Sidon Eyalet (province) and regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance. Starting in the 18th century the city was dominated by the Hammud family of notables, who monopolized the production and exporting of cotton in the region and built numerous palaces and public works in the city. The Hammuds also served as government customs agents and tax collectors for various Ottoman religious foundations. [14]

During the Egyptian–Ottoman War , Sidon – like much of Ottoman Syria – was occupied by the forces of Muhammad Ali of Egypt . His ambitions were opposed by the British Empire, which backed the Ottomans. The British Admiral Charles Napier , commanding a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on 26 September 1840, and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days, and the British went on to Acre. This action was recalled in two Royal Navy vessels being named HMS Sidon . [ citation needed ]

After World War I it became part of the French Mandate of Lebanon . During World War II the city, together with the rest of Lebanon, was captured by British forces fighting against the Vichy French , and following the war it became a major city of independent Lebanon .

Following the Palestinian exodus in 1948, a considerable number of Palestinian refugees arrived in Sidon, as in other Lebanese cities, and were settled at the large refugee camps of Ein el-Hilweh and Mieh Mieh . At first these consisted of enormous rows of tents, but gradually houses were constructed. The refugee camps constituted de facto neighborhoods of Sidon, but had a separate legal and political status which made them into a kind of enclaves. At the same time, the remaining Jews of the city fled, and the Jewish cemetery fell into disrepair, threatened by coastal erosion.

On Easter Sunday , 19 April 1981, at least sixteen people were killed in Sidon after the ( South Lebanon Army ) SLA’s long-range artillery indiscriminately shelled the city centre. It was reported that it was in response to a request from Bashir Gemayel in connection with ongoing Syrian attacks on Phalangist positions around Zahle . Israel denied involvement. [15]

After the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon Sidon was occupied by the Israeli army for almost two and a half years.

On 18 August 1997, following a roadside bomb near Jezzine which killed of two teenage members of a SLA leader’s family, SLA artillery shelled Sidon killing seven civilians and wounding thirty-five. Hizbollah responded the following day by firing 60–80 rockets into the security zone and northern Israel. According to UNIFIL observers the missiles appeared to be targeted at uninhabited areas. The attack on Sidon is credited with leading to a truce between Hizbollah and Amal and increased cooperation between the two groups and the Lebanese Army . This was evident in the Ansariya ambush the following month. [16]

Sidon was a small fishing town of 10,000 inhabitants in 1900, but studies in 2000 showed a population of 65,000 in the city, and around 200,000 in the metropolitan area. The little level land around the city is used for cultivation of some wheat, vegetables, and fruits, especially citrus and bananas. The fishing in the city remains active with a newly opened fishery that sells fresh fish by bidding every morning. The ancient basin was transformed into a fishing port, while a small quay was constructed to receive small commercial vessels. (Refer to the "Old City" and the "Architecture and landscape" sections below.)

This sectarian and demographic division rose to the surface during the Lebanese Civil War , when armed clashes erupted between Sunni Muslims and Christians. The clashes ended with the surrender of the Christian front, and the Christians were forced to move to east Beirut . After the war ended in 1990, the Christians have gradually returned to their hometowns and in the year 2000 many fled to Israel.

The local politics of Sidon in the 20th century was mainly dominated up till the 1980s by allegiances around two main families, the El-Bizri and Saad. The El-Bizri politicians were known for their business connections, close ties with eminent Lebanese and Levantine leaders, and their bent on serving the Lebanese state as government ministers, officials and mayors. The Saad politicians tended to be populist and became engaged in violent protests in the 1940s, 1950s and then during the Lebanese civil war as Nasserites (populist followers of Nasser in Lebanon).

The local political conflict between these two families was always resolved through amicable means and ties of kinship. Their hold over the political aspects of the city was similar to that of Mediterranean families in Sicily or to being also influenced by the ties of Arab families, clans, and tribes in traditionalist forms. The most notable figures of the El-Bizri family in the first half of the 20th century were: Ahmad El-Bizri (born 1899), Salah El-Bizri, Eizeddine El-Bizri (commonly known as Eizzo) and Anwar El-Bizri (born 1910). These four brothers were businessmen and politicians who dominated the political life of the city up till the late 1940s, using traditional inherited forms of governance since Ottoman times. With intelligence and strength they maintained their power for over 50 years. It is from their ranks that Maarouf Saad started his public life, and their close cousins, Nazih El-Bizri, Amin El-Bizri, and Fouad El-Bizri became the next generation of politicians and statesmen in Lebanon; holding positions as ministers and members of parliament.

The El-Bizri and the Saad political practices were bent on social justice and on local service in public affairs. The El-Bizri were since the Ottoman rule bent on serving the state, and this continued with their loyalty and support to the successive governments of Lebanon since the times of independence. They also helped eminent politicians and statesmen from Sidonian descent such as the Prime Ministers Riad Solh , Takieddine el-Solh and Rashid Solh, they also gave their support to former Prime Minister Saeb Salam , father of Tamam Salam , Prime Minister 2014–2016. The presence of the El-Bizris was at times intimidating on the local scene, but they were also known for their goodwill and dignified public service.

The Saad family developed their links with Nasserism in the 1950s and engaged in the uprising and armed protest of 1958 against the government of the Lebanese President Chamoun. They also became involved in the civil war as part of the left wing politics of the Lebanon (Al-Haraka al-Wataniyya) with PLO connections, and they actively contributed to resisting the Israeli occupation after 1982. The Saads remained populist in their politics and focused on the grassroots, while the El-Bizri were generally appealing to the middle and upper classes. In the middle 1980s, the Hariri family started to rise to prominence and it became the most influential in Sidon in political and financial terms, even though the presence of the Saad and the El-Bizri in local politics remained significant at the level of visibility and activism.

The politics of Sidon is similar to that of the traditional old cities of the Levant in the sense of being family-based. In broad terms one could say that the El-Bizri family had an influence since Ottoman times, and most significantly during the entirety of the 20th century. It was local in impact at first, but then the members of this family became influential within the Lebanese state and institutions, and they supported the Solh family that had successive Prime Ministers and that moved its power base from Sidon to Beirut. The Saad family developed its original politics from within the sphere of influence of the El-Bizri family and then became a power to reckon with on its own after 1948, and most powerfully in 1958, then in the civil war and up till today.

Maarouf Saad,
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