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In this era, we must synthesize safe pesticides from inexpensive sources to avoid the diseases caused by most of the previously used pesticides. Therefore, nanotechnology was used to produce biologically synthesis pesticides from very cheap sources such as seaweed, especially green algae, as it is safe to synthesize a pesticide against various pests such as bacteria and fungi that affect various agricultural crops. Ulva lactuca is used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by a bottom-up bioreduction reaction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles Ag-NPs observed by the formation of brown color. Antioxidant activity was also determined. Silver nanoparticles Ag-NPs have proven to be good and safe synthetic pesticides. The results of the spectroscopy demonstrated the success of the biological synthesis of the pesticide. Also, the results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated the success of the pesticide that was biologically synthesized to fight bacteria and fungi that cause different diseases of different agricultural crops and should be used as a safe synthetic pesticide. It involves the nuclear, atomic, or molecular level. Nanotechnology is used in many applications such as agriculture, medicine suppression of various human diseases , cosmetics, and other fields. The use of minerals in the synthesis of nanoparticles is more appropriate because it is cheap, nontoxic, safe, and ecofriendly as plant extracts are used as a reducing agent called a bottom reaction Nabi et al. The marine environment is rich in many creatures and hence should be well studied, and their chemical composition should also be analyzed. Algae such as green, red, and brown algae are marine organisms rich in beneficial chemical components. Ulva lactuca is a green macro algal called green sea lettuce or green laver. The chemical composition of U. Their biological activities include antioxidants, antimicrobials and antitumor Amin et al. Microbes are living organisms that cause diseases in humans, plants, animals, poultry, rabbits, and fish. Therefore, we should search for new technologies to eliminate their harmful effects on crops, vegetables, and fruits in agriculture and to avoid side effects of other synthetic pesticides and also resistance gained from microbes against most pesticides. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products of biological reactions. Pollutants and radiation cause damage to biomolecules. Antioxidants protect the body from oxidation by scavenging free radicals and facilitating them as a defense against free radicals. In this article, I hope to highlight new, good, and safe synthetic pesticide that point to the possibility of using nanotechnology in agriculture to produce safe pesticides that do not cause human diseases and any harm to the environment and to reduce pollution caused from the use of previous pesticides. Algae were collected from the Mediterranean Abu Qir in the spring of and cleaned with sea water to remove sand pebbles, epiphytes, and shells, and then, the algae were transported to the laboratory in plastic bags and washed with a dilute solution of sodium chloride and then distilled water. Algae were shade dried, grounded in an electric mixer, and stored in the refrigerator for further use Amin The reaction color is converted from transparent to brown Figure 1 , which indicates the success of the reaction Bhimba and Kumari A Extract of Ulva lactuca and B biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using U. Then, the film on the TEM grid was dried before measurement Figures 4 and 5. Antimicrobial activity of the tested samples was determined using a modified Kirby—Bauer disc diffusion method Bauer et al. Standard discs of Ampicillin Antibacterial agent are used as positive controls, but DMSO was used as a negative control. Agar-based methods such as E-test and disk diffusion can be good alternatives because they are simpler and faster than broth-based methods Liebowitz et al. Inhibition of free radical DPPH was calculated according to the following equation:. The statistical package SPSS version 20 was used for the statistical analysis. The Propit analysis was performed to calculate the medium effective concentration EC 50 for determining bactericidal and fungicidal activities and the medium inhibition concentration IC 50 to determine the antioxidant activity calculated by the linear regression analysis Francis et al. The reaction color is converted from transparent to brown Figure 1 , which indicates the success of the reaction. UV-VIS was used to prove the success of the bioreduction of silver nitrate by the aqueous extract of U. The chemical composition of active groups of silver nanoparticles was determined, and the spectra were recorded Figures 3a, b and Table 1. Ag-NPs were spherical with an average size of 3. Silver nanoparticles showed the absorption peak with Antioxidant activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles of U. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles of U. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of plants or algae is the most preferred technique as it is safe, inexpensive, and eco-friendly. The color of the product after biosynthesis was brown due to the excitation of surface plasmon vibration of silver nanoparticles Figure 1 ; Bhimba and Kumari This was due to the surface plasmon of various silver nanoparticles, which also proved the success of the reaction, and also was due to the increased reaction period that was overnight for the first experiment and 1 day for the second experiment Bhimba and Kumari ; Khalifa et al. FT-IR of both U. On the other hand, there is another opinion that protein molecules are responsible for the bioreduction Bhimba and Kumari , but I suggest that biologically active compounds in the presence of proteinated enzymes of U. The TEM graph showed the success of the reaction between silver nitrate and phytochemical components of U. Other elements such as o, Si, Cl, Na, and Ca of Thermal decomposition of silver nanoparticles took place at around Antioxidant activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles was at 1. Silver nanoparticles showed high toxic effects against bacteria, which are human, plant, poultry, fish, and animal pathogens, such as Bacillus subtilus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeuroginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus and a moderate effect against bacteria such as Klebsiella sp. There are many theories that inquire the mode of action of silver nanoparticles, but I think the most accepted theory is that silver nanoparticles are characterized by their small size that managed them to reach the cell wall and penetrate it and disturb the permeability of cell wall by interacting with phosphorus and sulfur of DNA, cofactor of enzymes, and protein and damage the cell wall of bacteria, especially at larger surface to volume ratios of their reaction. Also, silver nanoparticles have higher antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria, which may be due to the thinner peptidoglycan layer and the presence of beta barrel proteins called porins Geoprincy et al. Antifungal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles is due to pits formation on the surface of the fungal cell membrane that causes partial reduction of the cell shape Devi and Bhimba The researcher aims to produce a pesticide that can be used against insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, mice, snakes, and harmful animals and that can be used when growing economic crops. But this needs further research. To make a pesticide for this combination of a group of compounds against various pests using nanotechnology, which should be safe and harmless to humans, the researcher prefers to use biological synthesis as it is safe, harmless to humans, low cost and not expensive. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved in this article by spectroscopic methods and also showed good effects on different microbes causing diseases in agricultural crops in vitro , and we should test this green synthesis in vivo in near future as a safe synthetic pesticide in fields and in animals, poultry, rabbits, and fish farms. I hope that I succeeded in persuading the use of nanotechnology to produce agricultural pesticides biologically using organisms available in our environment such as algae, as they are safe, cheap, do not cause harm to humans like previous pesticides, and are effective against different agricultural microbes. Many researches should be done in this field to produce an agricultural pesticide that has effects on other organisms such as insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, mice, snakes, and harmful animals. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles should also be used in food packaging and food preservation. The author expresses deep appreciation to a Professor of Microbiology and Phycology at the Faculty of Science at the University of Zagazig, who helped in the identification and classification of Ulva lactuca. Evaluate adding green seaweed to different rations by in vitro gas production technique. NY Sci J. Search in Google Scholar. Ulva lactuca as a cheap and safe bio pesticide in fields and its chemical composition in vitro. Egyptian J Aquat Biol Fisheries. Evaluation of biological activity of extracts from different species of algae. J Biol Chem Environ Sci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. Photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extracts of seaweed Ulva Lactuca and its antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. Antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Ulva reticulate. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. Synthesis and pesticidal activity of some cyclic organophosphorus compounds. A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In vitro antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by marine algae. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct. Global Antifungal Surveillance Group. A two year global evaluation of the susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole by disk diffusion. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. Correlation between E-test, disk diffusion, and microdilution methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of fluconazole and voriconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Nano form of gold and silver for treating the hidden killer, cancer. Am Res Thoughts. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A3. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard M2-A5. Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeast: proposed guideline MP. Multicenter evaluation of four methods of yeast inoculum preparation. J Clin Microbiol. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant extract and its application in cancer treatment: a review. Potential using of ulvan polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca as a prebiotic in symbiotic yogurt production. J Prob Health. Ulva lactuca and its polysaccharides: food and biomedical aspects. J Biol Agric Healthcare. Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view. Purchase article. From the journal Open Agriculture. Download article PDF. Cite this Share this. Abstract In this era, we must synthesize safe pesticides from inexpensive sources to avoid the diseases caused by most of the previously used pesticides. Keywords: biosynthesis ; green synthesis ; antimicrobial ; safe synthetic pesticides ; spectroscopy ; silver nanoparticles ; Ulva lactuca. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Table 1. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Table 2. Acknowledgments The author expresses deep appreciation to a Professor of Microbiology and Phycology at the Faculty of Science at the University of Zagazig, who helped in the identification and classification of Ulva lactuca. Received: Revised: Accepted: Published Online: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Cite this article. Amin, Hadear Hanie. Amin, H. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide in vitro. Open Agriculture , 5 1 , Open Agriculture, Vol. Amin H. Open Agriculture. Copied to clipboard. Copy to clipboard. Share this article. Supplementary Materials. Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product. Register Log in. Volume 5 Issue 1. Submit manuscript. This issue. All issues. Articles in the same Issue Regular Articles. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of soil applied P and Zn fertilizers on the performance, minerals and heavy metal composition of groundnut. 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Growth, chlorophyll content and productivity responses of maize to magnesium sulphate application in calcareous soil. Gene action in low nitrogen tolerance and implication on maize grain yield and associated traits of some tropical maize populations. Zambian farm blocks: A vehicle for increased private sector investments. Farm size and its impact on land use: The case of the South African private wildlife industry. Characterizing macropore structure of agrosoddy-podzolic soil using computed tomography. Influence of priming on germination, development, and yield of soybean varieties. Review Articles. Zinc biofortification as an innovative technology to alleviate the zinc deficiency in human health: a review. Biological management of allelopathic plant Parthenium sp. Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review. Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering. 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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Email: MohamedHosny alexu. In the current study, a facile, rapid, and ecologically safe photosynthesis of gold nanoparticles AuNPs that remained stable for 3 months is reported to advocate the main aspects of green chemistry, such as safer solvents and auxiliaries, and the use of renewable feedstock. Zi -AuNPs were phytosynthesized by the aqueous extract of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves, and numerous techniques were employed for their characterization. Zi -AuNPs showed an effective photodegradation efficiency The cytotoxicity test by the 3- 4,5-dimethylthiazolyl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay signified a high anticancer efficiency for both Zi -AuNPs and Z. Highly efficient antioxidant capabilities were proven with 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH removal percentages of Nanotechnology has been postulated as a research area that combines the principles of biology, physics, and chemistry to synthesize new materials with unique properties at a very small scale, which is the nanoscale 0— nm. Various techniques could be employed in the fabrication of nanomaterials such as chemical reduction, electrochemical synthesis, physical synthesis, and lithography. These techniques are usually expensive and hazardous because they frequently involve the use of noxious reducing agents and harsh reaction conditions. Owing to their special properties such as quick synthesis, catalytic and size-dependent properties, and low toxicity, gold nanoparticles AuNPs are attracting more attention today in numerous applications. AuNPs and other nanomaterials have been widely employed in wastewater treatment to remove different types of pollutants as a result of their outstanding characteristics such as low cost and recyclability. Currently, there is a high death rate from cancer in different countries and the treatment protocols are not very efficient. Ziziphus spina-christi is a deciduous tree that is commonly found in warm temperate and subtropical regions including the Middle East. Thus, the novel part of the current work is the rapid phytosynthesis of AuNPs using Z. In addition, Figure 1 displays a facile probable mechanism for the phytofabrication of Zi -AuNPs via hyperin, which is a common flavonoid in Z. Hyperin and other phytoconstituents such as rutin, quercetin, isovitexin, lucoside O -rhamnoside, and apigenin in Z. Furthermore, they contribute to the stabilization of Zi -AuNPs by capping them, with other phytoactive components, leading to the formation of stable Zi -AuNPs. In the current study, a transformation in the color from light brown to brownish-black after adding gold ions to the extract of Z. The obtained results were concomitant with others stated in previous works that aimed at the phytofabrication of AuNPs using other extracts such as Sunderam et al. Additionally, it should be stated that the synthesized Zi -AuNPs were stabilized for almost 3 months as presented in Figure 2 b,c, demonstrating the high efficacy of Z. FT-IR spectroscopy is often employed in the detection of functional groups, which are likely participating in the reduction and stabilization of phytosynthesized nanomaterials. Several bands appeared in the IR spectrum of Z. A C—H stretch was observed at cm —1 , which shifted to doublet C—H at and cm —1. Subsequently, they completely disappeared in the spectrum of Zi -AuNPs. C—O stretching appeared at cm —1 , which then slightly shifted to a lower wavenumber of cm —1 in Zi -AuNPs. Similar results to the current one were reported in other recent works. Size, shape, and other morphological characteristics of nanoparticles could be provided by microscopy techniques. Data collected from HRTEM analysis indicated that the size of Zi -AuNPs ranged from less than 2 nm to more than 10 nm and the principal shape formed was spherical as shown in Figure 4 a—c. The detected particle size in this study was concluded to be smaller than that observed in many studies such as AuNPs phytosynthesized by the Convolvulus fruticosus extract that was around 30 nm. The face-centered cubic FCC crystalline structure of Zi -AuNPs was confirmed via XRD analysis that is displayed in Figure 5 a as this analysis is reckoned as an essential step in determining the crystal structure of nanomaterials. Moreover, the main growth orientation was the plane as previously reported in different works. This crystallite size was similar to that reported in another study that targeted the formation of AuNPs via the extract of Atriplex halimus, 36 which was 6. These signals were concomitant with other previously reported results. The production yield of Zi -AuNPs was found to be The existence of negative charge on the Zi -AuNPs surface is commonly attributed to the presence of several biological constituents in Z. Thus, the high degree of stability of Zi -AuNPs was confirmed. In the current study, the photodegradation of MG, which is a toxic organic pollutant usually resulting from various manmade sources via Zi -AuNPs, was examined using UV light irradiation. Two concentrations of MG were tested in the current work: 25 and 50 ppm. Regarding the lower concentration, its degradation percentage was about However, the photodegradation efficiency in the case of the higher concentration Figure 6 b was Effect of time on the photodegradation of MG at concentrations of c 25 ppm and d 50 ppm. When the pH of the solution was first examined within min of photodegradation of MG with a concentration of 25 ppm since the pH is postulated to be the most influential factor on the photodegradation process because the variation in pH usually influences the surface charge, adsorption ability, and electron transfer capability of the photocatalyst, consequently affecting the photodegradation rate. Afterward, the removal efficiency increased to Thus, it was concluded that Zi -AuNPs could be applied as a photocatalyst for the photodegradation of MG over various pH levels as shown in Figure 7 a. Concerning the influence of temperature on MG removal with the concentration of 25 ppm in min and under the optimum pH that is 6 Figure 7 b , the removal efficiency was recorded to be Yet, the efficiency increased to approximately 81 and Therefore, it was determined that by increasing temperature, the photodegradation process becomes enhanced due to the excessive release of hydroxyl radicals, which is in agreement with other previously published works. To determine the effect of free radicals such as H 2 O 2 on the photodegradation of MG, four different concentrations of H 2 O 2 25, 50, 75, and mM were applied to the MG solutions 25 ppm with a pH of 6 for min as presented in Figure 7 c. The obtained photodegradation percentage was approximately Then, on increasing the concentration of H 2 O 2 to 50, 75, and mM, the removal efficiency was enhanced to Therefore, the positive effect of H 2 O 2 addition was proven through the improvement of MG removal by increasing the concentration of H 2 O 2 that could be accredited to the release of hydroxyl groups that led to the provision of more hydroxyl radicals to the photodegradation system. When the stability and recycling of Zi -AuNPs as a photocatalyst was investigated Figure 7 d within min of photocatalytic degradation of 25 ppm MG under pH 6, it was observed that the efficiency diminished from 81 to The kinetics study of MG removal with the concentration of 25 ppm by Zi -AuNPs is presented in Figure 7 e, in which the rate constant K was found to be 0. The obtained K in this study was suggested to be better than other previously reported studies on the photodegradation of MG, such as Tsvetkov et al. According to the above-mentioned results, it was determined that Zi -AuNPs is a promising photocatalyst that could proficiently be employed in wastewater treatment via the degradation of toxic organic pollutants. Furthermore, the effect of time on the photodegradation process of the two concentrations of MG is presented in Figure 6 c,d. A comparison of the photodegradation efficacies between Zi -AuNPs and other photocatalysts utilized in MG photodegradation is presented in Table 1. The photodegradation process of MG is simply demonstrated through charge transfer procedures, which were previously elaborated in refs 43 and 44 through the following equations. The obtained results are similar to Huang et al. A variety of unique properties of AuNPs enabled them to be utilized as drug delivery carriers. These properties include small particle size, nontoxicity, and low levels of immunogenicity. The acquired results indicated that both samples exhibited good anticancer performance as the recorded cell viabilities were This may possibly be accredited to their capability of penetrating cell membrane, interacting with and disrupting proteins and other biomolecules. Zi -AuNPs and Z. Antioxidants, such as metallic nanoparticles, play a significant role in the fight against free radicals like DPPH which is a commonly harmful free radical. Accordingly, the reception of an electron given by Zi -AuNPs led to the degradation of DPPH, which was determined quantitatively via the absorbance changes at nm. Using Zi -AuNPs to prevent the oxidative chain reaction from starting results in the generation of nonreactive radicals, which is what the antioxidant activity concept refers to. It was also found that AuNPs, particularly those made using biological or green methods, have significant antioxidant potential to control oxidative damage. In the current work, Figure 10 indicates that all of the samples had an inhibitory effect against DPPH in a concentration-dependent manner. Both Z. The scavenging activity of vitamin C that was used as a reference was found to be less efficient since it removed about It should be noted that the presence of numerous phytoconstituents such as flavonoids on the surface of Zi -AuNPs could be liable for their boosted antioxidant efficacy as previously deduced. Other workers have concluded that plants with high reducing ability also have a high antioxidant efficiency. Similarly to the obtained results, other workers reported higher antioxidant efficacies of aqueous plant extracts than AuNPs fabricated via these extracts, such as Zayed et al. Additionally, Nakkala et al. According to the aforementioned results, the following conclusions could be drawn. FT-IR results revealed that the phytoconstituents of Z. Moreover, rod, triangle, rhomboid, pentagonal, and other irregular shapes were also detected. Crystalline nature with an FCC structure and a small particle size range of 0—10 nm were also confirmed. Furthermore, the crystallite size was measured and found to be 4. Photodegradation results indicated the good applicability of Zi -AuNPs as a photocatalyst against MG with a photodegradation efficiency of Prominent antioxidant efficiencies were proven with DPPH scavenging percentages of To remove impurities and undesired elements, Z. After that, dry leaves were pulverized into a fine powder in a stainless steel mixer. The resulting powder 5 g was mixed in mL of DW, and then the mixture was agitated and heated for about 20 min until it was boiling. As a result, after 5 min of heating and stirring, the color changed from light brown to brownish-black. The purification phase involved centrifuging the Zi -AuNPs colloidal solution, collecting the precipitated pellets, and washing them with DW. To purify AuNPs once they were generated, this step was done three times. The colloidal solution was then kept at 4. The crystallite size was calculated from the width of the XRD peaks using the Scherrer formula 59 given by. Various levels of pH were examined, including 2, 4, 6, and 8. Furthermore, the effect of free radicals such as H 2 O 2 was inspected using four different concentrations 25, 50, 75, and mM. All of these factors were optimized to achieve the best photocatalytic removal of MG. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the percentage of cell viability was calculated by eq 2. The assay was conducted in triplicate. The two mixtures were blended for 3 min in the dark at ambient temperature. Then, after 20 min, the concentration of radical is examined by the reduction in absorbance percentage of the mixture at nm wavelength. Vitamin C ascorbic acid was used as a reference. The radical scavenging activity was determined by the following equation. 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