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^ Merkel, Julia (2008). Writing against the Odds . pp. 25–27.

^ Bloom, Harold (2010). The Ballad of the Sad Cafe – Carson McCullers . pp. 95–97.

^ Jump up to: a b Flora, Joseph M.; Mackethan, Lucinda Hardwick, eds. (2002). The Companion to Southern Literature . pp. 313–16 . ISBN 978-0807126929 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Marshall, Bridget (2013). Defining Southern Gothic . Critical Insights: Southern Gothic Literature: Salem Press. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-1-4298-3823-8 .

^ Bjerre, T. (2017, June 28). Southern Gothic Literature. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature .

^ Walsh, Christopher (2013). " "Dark Legacy": Gothic Ruptures in Southern Literature". Critical Insights: Southern Gothic Literature . Salem Press. pp. 19–33. ISBN 978-1-4298-3823-8 .

^ Hughes, William (2013). Historical Dictionary of Gothic Literature . p. 14.

^ "The Toll By Cherie Priest" . Macmillan Publishing official website . Retrieved July 12, 2019 .

^ Smith, Allan Lloyd (2004). American Gothic Fiction: An Introduction .

^ Donaldson, Susan V. (September 22, 1997). "Making a Spectacle: Welty, Faulkner, and Southern Gothic". The Mississippi Quarterly .

^ Merkel, Julia (2008). Writing against the Odds . p. 31.

^ Jump up to: a b Don D'Ammassa : The New Southern Gothic: Cherie Priest's Four and Twenty Blackbirds, Wings to the Kingdom, and Not Flesh Nor Feathers . In: Danel Olson (ed.): 21st-Century Gothic: Great Gothic Novels Since 2000 . Scarecrow, 2010, ISBN 9780810877283 , p. 171.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wigley, Samuel (January 20, 2014). "10 great Southern Gothic films" . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 13, 2014 .

^ Canby, Vincent (January 16, 1975). "Screen: 'Macon County Line' Arrives" . The New York Times .

^ Gibron, Bill (May 19, 2010). "More than Just Gore The Macabre: Moral Compass of Lucio Fulci" . PopMatters . Retrieved July 26, 2015 .

^ Gibron, Bill (October 15, 2007). "Lucio Fulci's The Beyond (1981)" . PopMatters . Retrieved July 26, 2015 .

^ "20 Best Southern Gothic Movies" . Taste of Cinema .

^ Ebert, Roger (December 12, 1986). "Crimes of the Heart" . RogerEbert.com . Chicago Sun-Times .

^ "20 Best Southern Gothic Movies" . A Taste of Cinema .

^ "Review: 'Jug Face' opts for more dread than gore" . Los Angeles Times . August 8, 2013.

^ "Tom Ford mines Texan roots for Southern Gothic styling of Nocturnal Animals" . The Sydney Morning Herald . November 9, 2016.

^ "The twisted horror of the American South" . BBC Culture .

^ "Building a Southern Gothic" . The Wall Street Journal . April 24, 2013 . Retrieved May 6, 2014 .

^ "A Supernatural Southern Gothic Superhero Show" . UrbanDaddy .

^ "Review: Outcast Premiere" . EW .

^ " 'Lovecraft Country' Trailer: Jordan Peele and J.J. Abrams Unleash HBO's Big Summer Series" . IndieWire . May 2020.

^ Merkel, Julia (2008). Writing against the Odds . p. 57.


Southern Gothic is an artistic subgenre of fiction , country music , film and television that are heavily influenced by Gothic elements and the American South . Common themes of Southern Gothic include storytelling of deeply flawed, disturbing or eccentric characters who may be involved in hoodoo , [1] decayed or derelict settings, [2] grotesque situations, and other sinister events relating to or stemming from poverty, alienation , crime, or violence.

Elements of a Gothic treatment of the South were first apparent during the ante- and post-bellum 19th century in the grotesques of Henry Clay Lewis and in the de-idealized representations of Mark Twain . [3] The genre was consolidated, however, only in the 20th century, when dark romanticism , Southern humor, and the new literary naturalism merged in a new and powerful form of social critique. [3] The thematic material was largely a reflection of the culture existing in the South following the collapse of the Confederacy as a consequence of the Civil War, which left a vacuum in its cultural and religious values. The resulting poverty and lingering bitterness over the loss of the Civil War in the region during Reconstruction exacerbated the racism, excessive violence, and religious extremism endemic to the region.

The term "Southern Gothic" was originally pejorative and dismissive. Ellen Glasgow used the term in this way when she referred to the writings of Erskine Caldwell and William Faulkner . She included the authors in what she called the "Southern Gothic School" in 1935, stating that their work was filled with "aimless violence" and "fantastic nightmares". It was so negatively viewed at first that Eudora Welty said: "They better not call me that!" [4]

Warped rural communities replaced the sinister plantations of an earlier age; and in the works of leading figures such as William Faulkner , Carson McCullers and Flannery O'Connor , the repre to its parent genre of American gothic and even to European gothic . However, the setting of these works is distinctly Southern. Some of these characteristics include exploring madness, decay and despair, continuing pressures of the past upon the present, particularly with the lost ideals of a dispossessed Southern aristocracy and continued racial hostilities. [4]

Southern Gothic particularly focuses on the South's history of slavery, racism, fear of the outside world, violence, a "fixation with the grotesque, and a tension between realistic and supernatural elements". [4]

Similar to the elements of the Gothic castle, Southern Gothic gives us the decay of the plantation in the post-Civil War South. [4]

Villains who disguise themselves as innocents or victims are often found in Southern Gothic literature, especially stories by Flannery O'Connor , such as " Good Country People " and " The Life You Save May Be Your Own ", giving us a blurred line between victim and villain. [4]

Southern Gothic literature set out to expose the myth of old antebellum South, and its narrative of an idyllic past hidden by social, familial, and racial denials and suppressions. [6]

Some have included Eudora Welty in the category, but apparently, she disagreed: "They better not call me that!", she abruptly told Alice Walker in an interview. [10]

A resurgence of Southern Gothic themes in contemporary fiction has been identified in the work of figures like Barry Hannah (1942–2010), [11] Joe R. Lansdale (b. 1951), [12] Helen Ellis (b. 1970) and Cherie Priest (b. 1975). [12]

A number of films and television programs are also described as being part of the Southern Gothic genre. Some prominent examples are:

Southern Gothic (also known as Gothic Americana, or Dark Country) is a genre of acoustic -based alternative rock and Americana music that combines elements of traditional country , folk , blues , and gospel , often with dark lyrical subject matter. The genre shares thematic connections with the Southern Gothic genre of literature, and indeed the parameters of what makes something Gothic Americana appears to have more in common with literary genres than traditional musical ones. Songs often examine poverty, criminal behavior, religious imagery, death, ghosts, family, lost love, alcohol, murder, the devil, and betrayal. [ citation needed ]

The images of Great Depression photographer Walker Evans are frequently seen to evoke the visual depiction of the Southern Gothic; Evans claimed: "I can understand why Southerners are haunted by their own landscape". [27]

Another noted Southern Gothic photographer was surrealist , Clarence John Laughlin , who photographed cemeteries, plantations , and other abandoned places throughout the American South (primarily Louisiana ) for nearly 40 years. [ citation needed ]


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the genre of fiction and associated subculture. For other uses, see Steampunk (disambiguation) .
Science fiction genre inspired by 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery
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This section needs expansion with: more steampunk-themed toys. You can help by adding to it . ( August 2020 )

^ The country is alluded to in the show's first episode when an object looking like a blimp is briefly shown in the background when the protagonist and her friends flee into the forest.

^ Specifically the episodes "Steamland Confidential," "Freak Out!," and "Last Splash"




^ "Definition of steampunk " . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 .

^ Latham, Rob (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction . p. 439. ISBN 9780199838844 .

^ "What Is Steampunk All About? | Gear Gadgets and Gizmos" . www.geargadgetsandgizmos.com/ . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved Feb 23, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Nally, Claire (Nov 7, 2016). "EXPERT COMMENT: Steampunk, Neo-Victorianism, and the Fantastic" (Press release). Northumbria University, Newcastle's Newsroom.

^ STEAMPUNK . Lulu.com. 2014.

^ Campbell, Heather M. (Dec 1, 2010). "Steampunk: Full Steam Ahead" . School Library Journal . 56 (12): 52–57. ISSN 0362-8930 .

^ Jump up to: a b c VanderMeer, Jeff; Chambers, S. J. (2011). The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature . New York: Abrams Image. ISBN 978-0810989580 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Grossman, Lev (December 14, 2009). "Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses" . Time . Archived from the original on December 9, 2009 . Retrieved Dec 10, 2009 . Steampunk has been around for at least 30 years, with roots going back further. An early example is K. W. Jeter's 1979 novel Morlock Night , a sequel to H.G. Wells' The Time Machine in which the Morlocks travel back in time to invade 1890s London. Steampunk — Jeter coined the name — was already an established subgenre by 1990, when William Gibson and Bruce Sterling introduced a wider audience to it in The Difference Engine , a novel set in a Victorian England running Babbage's hardware and ruled by Lord Byron, who had escaped death in Greece. ...

^ Jump up to: a b Clute, John; Grant, John; Ashley, Mike; Hartwell, David G.; Westfahl, Gary (1999). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 895–896. ISBN 9780312198695 . STEAMPUNK A term applied more to science fiction than to fantasy, though some tales described as steampunk do cross genres. ... Steampunk, on the other hand, can be best described as technofantasy that is based, sometimes quite remotely, upon technological anachronism .

^ Taddeo, Julie Anne; Miller, Cynthia J. (2013). Steaming Into a Victorian Future: A Steampunk Anthology . Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8586-8 .

^ "What Is Steampunk – Steam Punk Explained" . steam-punk.co.uk . Retrieved May 26, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sterling, Bruce (22 March 2013). "Japanese steampunk" . Wired . Retrieved 26 April 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cavallaro, Dani (2015). "Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Fushigi no Umi no Nadia)" . The Art of Studio Gainax: Experimentation, Style and Innovation at the Leading Edge of Anime . McFarland & Company . pp. 40–53 (40-1). ISBN 978-1-4766-0070-3 .

^ "Steampunk artists meld Victorian era, science fiction" . Duluth News Tribune . January 1, 2012 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . It’s the stuff Jules Verne used to write about, looking at it from the hindsight of the 21st century,

^ "Steampunk's subculture revealed" . SFGate . Retrieved Aug 12, 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Strickland, Jonathan (Feb 15, 2008). "Famous Steampunk Works" . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved May 18, 2008 .

^ Oliveira, Camilla (Nov 2, 2015). "Steampunk: The Movement and the Art". Wall Street International – Culture Section.

^ Peake, Mervyn (2011). The Illustrated Gormenghast Trilogy (New ed.). London: Vintage. p. 753. ISBN 978-0099528548 .

^ Daniel, Lucy (2007). Defining Moments In Books: The Greatest Books, Writers, Characters, Passages And Events That Shook The Literary World . New York: Cassell illustrated. p. 439. ISBN 978-1844036059 .

^ Bluestocking (21 June 2017). "Steampunk Dollhouse: Islands in the Time Streams or How a Privileged White Edwardian Man Had His Eyes Opened Rather Forcefully" .

^ Kunzru, Hari (4 February 2011). "When Hari Kunzru Met Michael Moorcock" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Bebergal, Peter (August 26, 2007). "The Age of Steampunk" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on April 14, 2008 . Retrieved May 10, 2008 .

^ Kremper, Ella (November 2009). "Beneath an Amber Moon; Brazil" (PDF) . Gatehouse Gazette . No. 6. pp. 12–13 . Retrieved Jul 28, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d La Ferla, Ruth (May 8, 2008). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds" . The New York Times . Retrieved Nov 21, 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b Braiker, Brian (October 31, 2007). "Steampunking Technology: A subculture hand-tools today's gadgets with Victorian style" . Newsweek . Retrieved Nov 21, 2010 .

^ Kaplan, Janet A. (2000). Remedios Varo: Unexpected Journeys (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0789206275 .

^ Jump up to: a b Duggan, Anne; Haase, Donald; Callow, Helen J. (2016). Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: Traditions and Texts from around the World . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 835. ISBN 978-1-61069-253-3 .

^ "What The Hell Is Steampunk?" . HuffPost UK . Oct 17, 2011 . Retrieved Aug 12, 2017 .

^ Sheidlower, Jesse (March 9, 2005). "Science Fiction Citations" . Archived from the original on February 5, 2012 . Retrieved May 10, 2008 .

^ Jeter, K.W. (April 1987). "Letter – essay from K. W. Jeter" . Locus . Vol. 20, no. 4. Locus Publications.

^ Nevins, Jess (2003). Heroes & Monsters: The Unofficial Companion to the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen . Austin, Texas: MonkeyBrain, Inc. ISBN 978-1932265040 .

^ Lupoff, Richard ; Stiles, Steve (February 1980). "The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer". Heavy Metal . pp. 27–32 et seq.

^ Calamity, Prof. "Steampunk Manifesto" . prof-calamity.livejournal.com . Retrieved Aug 18, 2020 .

^ VanderMeer, Jeff; Chambers, S. J. (2012). The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature . Abrams Books . p. 184. ISBN 9781613121665 .

^ Jump up to: a b Nevins, Jess (2019). "Steampunk" . In McFarlane, Anna; Schmeink, Lars; Murphy, Graham (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture . Routledge . p. 107. ISBN 978-1-351-13986-1 .

^ Zion, Lee (May 15, 2001). "Probing the Atlantis Mystery" . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved July 15, 2012 .

^ Yasuhiro, Takeda (March 25, 2019). "The Notenki Memoirs: Studio Gainax And The Men Who Created Evangelion " . Gwern . Retrieved October 29, 2019 .

^ Druce, Nikki (2016). Making Steampunk Jewellery . The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-78500-215-1 .

^ Whitson, Roger (2017). Steampunk and Nineteenth-Century Digital Humanities: Literary Retrofuturisms, Media Archaeologies, Alternate Histories . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-50911-0 .

^ Bowser, Rachel A.; Croxall, Brian (2010). "Industrial Evolution" (PDF) . Neo-Victorian Studies (3:1): 23 . Retrieved April 12, 2016 .

^ Guffey, Elizabeth (2014). "Crafting Yesterday's Tomorrows: Retro-Futurism, Steampunk, and the Problem of Making in the Twenty-First Century". The Journal of Modern Craft . 7 (3): 250. doi : 10.2752/174967714X14111311182767 . S2CID 191495500 .

^ Jump up to: a b Collazo, Stephanie Amy (December 6, 2011). "YRB Interview: Dr. Grymm" . YRB Magazine . Archived from the original on January 25, 2012 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . a dangerous tattoo machine, fusing a tattoo machine and an arm. Using a hand massager, projector parts, tube radios, a paint sprayer and miscellaneous parts (such as a glass vial of squid ink), Marsocci created an interesting piece that looks like something you’d find in Mary Shelley’s home.

^ Jump up to: a b Casey, Eileen (August 1, 2008). "Steampunk Art And Design Exhibits In The Hamptons" . Hamptons Online . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . Steampunk is not considered 'Outsider Art,' but rather a tightly focused art movement whose practitioners faithfully borrow design elements from the grand schools of architecture, science and design and employ a strict philosophy where the physical form must be as equally impressive as the function.

^ Catastrophone Orchestra and Arts Collective, "What, Then, is Steampunk? Colonizing the Past So We Can Dream the Future," SteamPunk Magazine 1 (2006), p 4.

^ Steel, Sharon (May 19, 2008). "Steam dream: Steampunk bursts through its subculture roots to challenge our musical, fashion, design, and even political sensibilities" . The Boston Phoenix . Retrieved September 27, 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Hart, Hugh (December 1, 2011). "Steampunk Contraptions Take Over Tattoo Studio" . Wired . Retrieved December 5, 2011 .

^ Farivar, Cyrus (February 6, 2008). "Steampunk Brings Victorian Flair to the 21st Century" . National Public Radio . Retrieved May 10, 2008 .

^ Jackie (October 17, 2013). "Paris Metro Travel: Full Steam(punk) Ahead at Arts et Métiers" . Rail Europe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.

^ Dodsworth, Lucy (November 7, 2011). "In pictures: Paris' steampunk Arts et Métiers Metro station" . On The Luce.

^ Hartwell, Lane (September 8, 2007). "Best of Burning Man: Fire Dancers, Steampunk
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