Shahin K Sikish
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Shahin K Sikish
Full text of " An English and Turkish Dictionary, in Two Parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English In which the Turkish Words are Represented in the Oriental Character as Well as Their Correct Pronunciation and Accentuation Shewn in English Letters on the Plan... By J.W. Redhouse Part 1. English and Turkish "
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AN
ENGLISH AND TURKISH DICTIONARY.
a
PART THE FIRST.
r; lEngU'sS anfi ®urRisii.
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AN
ENGLISH AND TURKISH DICTIONARY, '
In ^arts,
ENGLISH AND TURKISH,
AND
TURKISH AND ENGLISH.
IN WHICH THE TURKISH WORDS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE
ORIENTAL CHARACTER, AS WELL AS THEIR CORRECT
PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENTUATION
SHEWN IN ENGLISH LETTERS,
ON THE PLAN ADOPTED BY THE AUTHOR IN HIS “ VADE-MECUM
OF OTTOMAN COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE.”
BT
J. W. REDHOUSE, F.R.S.A.
UBMBBR OF THE IMPERIAL ACADKM7 OF SCIENCE OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
SfC. ^c. ^e.
LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH,
ORIENTAL AND PHILOLOGICAL PUBLISHER,
CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE.
1856.
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LOTON :
W. M. watts, ceown court, temple bah.
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PEEFACE.
In the spring of 1855, on the occasion of the formation of the Turkish
Legion, the author of the present work published a “Vade-Mecum of
Ottoman Colloquial Language,” in the Preface of which he promised
to prepare “ for the information of those who may wish afterwards to
penetrate deeper into the arcana of this really beautiful tongue, a
series of more complete and scientific works.”
The following pages are a first instalment towards the redemption
of the pledge then given. From the size of this volume, the reader
must at once perceive that it has not the pretension of being a com-
plete dictionary of the two languages, wliich it would require several
years of constant labour to bring into existence. But as there does
not exist in English any similar work, it has been judged that a book
which shall contain the more usual terms of the two languages, and
explain the more striking modifications of their meanings — which
shall give, not only the orthography of the Turkish w'ords (whether
of Arabic, Persian, or Turkish origin), but also their correct pronun-
ciation and accentuation — two things never achieved, and the latter
never attempted, even in the best dictionaries published on the Conti-
nent — could not fail of being acceptable to the very great number of
our countrymen now interested in obtaining quickly a competent
knowledge of the language of our eastern allies j and the author has
therefore undertaken to provide them with as good a dictionary as
could be prepared within a reasonable space of time.
For the materials of this book he is indebted to no one, even of the
continental authors, unless in ^ far as he has used two dictionaries
to arrive without loss of time at the alphabetical arrangement and
selection of the words contained in either part of this publication.
He does not pretend to be absolutely and entirely free from mistakes
b
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PREFACE,
of any kind ; but he confidently appeals to all cap ible of judging, to
pronounce whether the great number of errors to be traced in every
page of the more voluminous continental works, ancient or modern,
is not a circumstance which greatly deteriorates the value of their
productions, ah hough, at the same time, the greatest credit is due to
the authors for the immense labours they have undertaken in pre-
paring their works for the use of the public. They have done their
best, and the thanks of a host of students has been, and will continue
to be, their just meed. Neither is it in any spirit of detraction that
the author here notices these defects of his precursors ; but, on the
contrary, by alluding to them, he desires to stir up their authors, or
others, to investigate the subject with renewed zeal and acumen,
under the conviction, that the great' r the facilities afforded for an
interchange of ideas between the East and West, the more rapidly
will be effaced those invidious distinctions of caste or class, or natio-
nality, or religious denomination, which ignorance and intolerance
set up in bye-gone times, but which in England have generally given
place to the more becoming rule and feeling of respecting in all the
conscientious dictates of faith and taste, even as we ourselves wish to
have respect and consideration shewn to our own by all.
As above noticed, the publication of a complete Turkish and
English Dictionary, if even undertaken, will be a w’ork of conside-
rable expense, and will require years for its performance. Hitherto
the number of those who might have occasion for such a book has
been too limited by far to induce any one to make the attempt. These
circumstances appear now likely to be changed, through the attention
drawn to Turkey by the recent aggi-essions of Russia, and also by the
vitality so unexpectedly discovered in the Ottoman Empire — the
“ sick man ” of the aggressor. The author would be proud to
answer this change, if effective, by an energetic attempt to fill up the
void in English literature left by the want of such a work. The
Turkish language is, in itself, well worthy of the labour; and, what-
ever the ideas on the subject hitherto current in England, as in the rest
of Europe generally, there exists in tfiat language a literature, mostly
in manuscript as yet, it is true, as varied and as refined as that which
is known to be found in the Persian tongue, though it does not
embrace those periods of time, the middle ages, which render the
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PREFACE.
Ill
Study of Arabic and Persian doubly interesting. In a political, and
in a commercial view, the tongue of the Ossmanli merits as great
attention as any, since its use, or tliat of its congeners, among natives
of every sect and nationality, or among official people, is spread from
Tunis in Africa, throughout the Turkish Empire, the northern half of
Persia, Khorassan, to Independent, Chinese, and Russian Tartary.
But it is as true, as it will appear singular, that whether from apathy,
or from the fatal delivering themselves up into the hands of double
sets of interpreters (one set consisting of Greeks, Armenians, Jews, or
Levantines, who explain verbally between Europeans and Turks, and
the other of Turkish writers, who reduce these verbal explanations
into written forms of their own), the greater part of our merchants
and consuls living in Turkey, some for periods of fifty ycare, are
unable, with a few rare exceptions, to read a word of the language, or
perhaps to understand it when read to them ; and many are even
incapable of uttering a single phrase in common conversation. The
fact, however, of servants, working engineers, and others, picking up
Turkish in a short time, without books or aids of any kind, is suffi-
cient to indicate that there is nothing peculiarly difficult in the lan-
guage itself ; while the mere mechanical difficulty of the handwriting,
as is known to all students, is equally easy to be got over with a little
practice.
Hoping, therefore, that a taste for this useful language may spread,
and that the occasion will thence arise for the preparation of more
extensive works on the subject, to which he engages to respond to the
best of his abilities, the author now offers the present work to the
public, in the trust that it will be found as useful in its sphere as he
could wish or expect.
London, 18^6.
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ON
THE SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY EMPLOYED TO
REPRESENT THE TURKISH WORDS,
AND ON TnS
THE POWERS OF THE TURKISH LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS.
In representing the sounds of one language with the characters of ano-
ther, we find that all or many of those characters generally possess
more than one value in their original language. We observe,
further, that the authors of pronouncing dictionaries are obliged to
have recourse to various systems of orthography, in order to repre-
sent to the mind, through the eye, in a way freed from doubt, the
sound of every letter in each separate word ; and that a considerable
difierence exists between the current orthography and the results of
each such system. The reasons of ihis divergence, in respect to the
English language, may be reduced to three : 1st. Many words of
foreign origin have preserved their original orthography and pronun-
ciation (this latter more or less vitiated), which do not follow the
same rules as the words of our own language ; 2dly, Many other words
of foreign origin, though they have more or less been submitted to a
process of adaptation to our pronunciation and orthography, still
retain so many traces of their origin as to require explanation on the
former, and authority for the latter, inasmuch as the two do not agree
together with sufficient simplicity, or according to our received ideas
of the fundamental values of their component letters ; 3dly, The diffe-
rence of pronunciation of even indigenous words in different parts of
the country, whereby an orthography more or less in consonance with
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PREFACE.
V
the pronunciation of one part, at a certain period of time, was adopted
by some one or other of the early English writers, and has since
become (either with or without modification) generally or universally
current, although it does not accord with the usual pronunciation
now ill use among the educated classes in the greater part of the
kingdom.
Causes analogous to these have also affected the orthography and
pronunciation of the Turkish language, the present alphabet and
orthographical system of which are originally Arabic. In the pure
Arabic the simple short vowels are never written, being merely
marked over or under the consonant affected by them, and are but
three in number — a, i, and u (Latin). When these are long, they are
represented by separate letters, which have still their special values as
consonants, viz. l,j, and Of these, the 1 represents the sound of
a, thej ofu (oo English), the of I (ee English). This system of
the Arabic language (common also to the other Semitic dialects) was
next adopted by the Persians when they embraced the religion of
Muhammed ; and although four consonants (tj, eJ) were added
to the twenty-eight of the Arabians, nothing was done to extend the
number of vowel-letters, or of the vowel-points, beyond the original
three, excepting the definitive adoption of a fourth consonant (») to
represent the terminal broad e or surd a found in so many Persian
words. The three original vowel-letters received also a second value
each in addition to the Arabic one, viz. 1 was made to represent the
broad a of the English, the j the o of European languages, and the
^ the e of the same as heard in our word there. The Turkish nation,
coming from the eastern parts of Central Asia, first encountered the
Arabian system of writing, under its modified form, in Persia.
Adopting this, and, by their chief and early conquests in Greece and
Asia Minor, escaping from the direct influence of the Arabians, they
in their turn gave a new value to one ^consonant (d) by making it
represent a nasal n in addition to its Arabic value of k, and its Persian
value of g hard (gh, or gu), and they also greatly extended the use
occasionally made by the Persians of the three long vowels as repre-
sentatives of their cognate short vowels.
Passing over, therefore, the consideration of the true number of
different vowel sounds which may exist in Arabic or in Persian, or
b 2
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VI
PREFACE.
of the number which may exist in any uncultivated Turkish or Tartar
dialects, we may now proceed to observe that there are eleven distinct
vowel-sounds in the cultivated Ottoman Turkish language, besides the
modifications of certain of them by mere prolongation of sound,
whereas there are still but three vowel-signs, and but four vowel-
letters to represent them. This necessarily causes great corifusion
and difficulty, especially to learners ; and to it, in great measure, I
attribute the prevalent use of Arabic and Persian words (in writing,
much more than in speaking) in preference to many of their most
common Turkish equivalents. In all three of these languages a
combination of two, three, or four letters, may often be read several
different ways, the signification varying with each modification of
sound ; and tliere is no system in use among the nations speaking
them, whereby the true vowel-pronunciation of each word can be
depicted to the intelligence through the medium of the eye, in a
manner entirely free from doubt. The Persians have adopted two
terms whereby they describe the different values of the vowel j as
representing u and o, also of as representing e and i ; but further
they have not gone, and these terms have no equivalent mark in
writing; so that the number of vowel-letters remains but four, and of
the vowel-points but three, to represent the eleven vowels existing in
Turkish. At the beginning of words they employ two combinations
(jl and of these vowel- letters, which have been looked upon as
diphthongs ; but this is not really so : they represent no separate
vowel-sound ; they are merely used, or rather the j and the are
introduced to define the value of the 1 , which in Arabic takes the
three vowel-sounds indifferently in the same way as the other conso-
nants. These, then, are no true addition to the number of Turkish
vowel-letters, and j\ is read u the same as y is read kv, and i as
^ is ki.*
* There exists even at the beginning of some Turkish words the combination
^JJ \ , which may have been considered in hke manner a triphthong ; but in this case,
as in that of the two combinations (jl and (jj at the ends of some words and syl-
lables, the is a true consonant, and therefore we are justified in totally denying
the existence of diphthongs or triphthongs in the Turkish language.
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PREFACE.
TU
The eleven Turkish vowel-sounds are the following ;
o
1st,
of
a
in all.
7th,
of i
in girl.
2nd,
. •
a
. . far.
8th,
. . o
. . go.
3rd,
• •
a
. . about.
9th,
. . u
in the French tu.
4th,
• •
a
. . pan.
lOtb,
. . u
.. full.
5th,
• •
e
. . pen.
11th,
. . u
. . ' fun.
6th,
• .
i
. . pin.
Our system of orthography in this book for representing the pro-
nunciation of the Turkisli words is founded upon the two following
axioms : — First, iVb character shall have two valves ; and second, No
value shall be represented by more than one special character.
In applying these two rules to the eleven vowel sounds, we have
been led to adopt the following eleven characters to represent them, all
of which are well known modifications in form of our own five vowels.
1st,
a as in
w'all, thus
A
7th,
i
as in girl, thus
i
2nd,
a . . .
far, . . .
a
8th,
o
... go.
0
3rd,
a . . .
about, . . .
a
9th,
u
. . . tu French, . . .
u
4th,
a . . .
pan, . . .
E
10th,
u
. . . full, . . .
u
5th,
e . . .
pen, . . .
e
11th,
u
. . . fun,
u
Gth,
i . . .
pin.
i
-
By the use of these modified vow'els the learner can see at once
what particular value is attached to each, and, at the same time, he
will not be obliged to make the distinction, unless he prefers doing it,
in making notes himself of words he may meet w ith in reading or in
conversation. This book is essentially a pronouncing dictionary ; and
were the European character ever to be adopted in Turkey, for tlie
purpose of writing the Ottoman language, there is no reason why the
a, the e, the i, and the u should not bear several values as they do with
us ; whereas, in printing, and, if necessary, even in writing, the diffe-
rence could be pointed out by one or two strokes under them, thereby
leaving the upper part free for the introduction of special signs to
distinguish the long from the short vowels, and the accentuated from
the unaccentuated syllables.
We have adopted these characters in preference to others, because
they are to be found at the printers’, and because every one knows
them. True it is that their special value here has to be leamt and
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PREFACE.
viii
remembered, but so would that of any signs we might have invented.
Our special reason for not adopting Sir William Jones’s “JasAeo? vowels”
is because, their dasli being over them, it w'ould have interfered with the
introduction of the signs of syllabic accent and vowel quantity. We
have further felt obliged to abstain from and condemn the diphthongs
ai and an of that great philosopher and most distinguished wnter, by
reason that the idea which caused him to employ them is fundamentally
erroneous in conception ; and we have been grieved to observe that
these errors have been already too extensively adopted by other
writers of distinction, and by the numerous body of missionaries in
India and the South Seas. It is singular that an Englishman should
have fallen into the error of calling these combinations diphthongs,
when his own language contains the true solutions to the problem.
Sir William Jones appears to have been led away in this matter by
the study of French or Latin, in neither of which languages does the
consonant w exist, neither is the letter y regarded in their gi'ammars
as a consonant.
English Grammarians have laid it down as a rule that w and y are
consonants at the beginning of words or syllables, but vowels at the
end or in the middle. It must be conceded that y standing alone in
the middle of a syllable is a vowel ; but w is never so used in English.
As the second letters of diphthongs in the middle of syllables, they
may be considered either as vowels or consonants, without much
practical inconvenience resulting from the error in either case ; and y,
at the end of syllables, when immediately preceded by a consonant,
may certainly be considered a true vowel. There remains then to be
considered the case of these two letters when they terminate a syllable
and are preceded by a vowel. In this case Oriental grammarians
have justly regarded them as consonants ; nor would it be difficult to
establish that the practice of the English tongue fully confirms that
decision, as regards the letter y, and als(T as regards the w, if preceded
by an o. Take for instance the worAsJlow and flay : now, in forming
from them the participles /'ou’t'n^ and flaying, vie can perceive that w
and y are as much consonants as though the division of the tw’o words
into separate syllables was Jlo-icing and fla-ying, when, even by the
admitted rules of our grammarians, these letters would be consonants.
This being established, more as a means of comparison between cer-
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PREFACE.
IX
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