Sexual_Addiction

Sexual_Addiction

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Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
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"Nonconsensual sexual activity is sexual abuse. Treatment for sexual addiction generally will not address the factors that lead people to sexually abuse others."— Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers [61]

^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–365, 375. ISBN 9780071481274 . The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ... compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex–so-called "natural addictions"– ... Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.

^ Jump up to: a b c Karila L, Wéry A, Weinstein A, Cottencin O, Petit A, Reynaud M, Billieux J (2014). "Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature". Curr. Pharm. Des . 20 (25): 4012–20. doi : 10.2174/13816128113199990619 . PMID 24001295 . Sexual addiction, which is also known as hypersexual disorder, has largely been ignored by psychiatrists, even though the condition causes serious psychosocial problems for many people. A lack of empirical evidence on sexual addiction is the result of the disease's complete absence from versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ... Existing prevalence rates of sexual addiction-related disorders range from 3% to 6%. Sexual addiction/hypersexual disorder is used as an umbrella construct to encompass various types of problematic behaviors, including excessive masturbation, cybersex, pornography use, sexual behavior with consenting adults, telephone sex, strip club visitation, and other behaviors. The adverse consequences of sexual addiction are similar to the consequences of other addictive disorders. Addictive, somatic and psychiatric disorders coexist with sexual addiction. In recent years, research on sexual addiction has proliferated, and screening instruments have increasingly been developed to diagnose or quantify sexual addiction disorders. In our systematic review of the existing measures, 22 questionnaires were identified. As with other behavioral addictions, the appropriate treatment of sexual addiction should combine pharmacological and psychological approaches.

^ Coleman, Eli (June–July 2003). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior: What to Call It, How to Treat It?" (PDF) . SIECUS Report . The Debate: Sexual Addiction and Compulsion. 31 (5): 12–16 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 .

^ Coleman, E. (2011). "Chapter 28. Impulsive/compulsive sexual behavior: Assessment and treatment" . In Grant, Jon E.; Potenza, Marc N. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders . New York: Oxford University Press . p. 375. ISBN 9780195389715 .

^ Carnes, Patrick (1994). Contrary to Love: Helping the Sexual Addict . Hazelden Publishing . p. 28. ISBN 1568380593 .

^ Schaefer GA, Ahlers CJ (2017). "1.3, Sexual addiction: Terminology, definitions and conceptualisation" . In Birchard T, Benfield J (eds.). Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction . Routledge . ISBN 978-1317274254 .

^ Hall, Paula (2 January 2014). "Sex addiction – an extraordinarily contentious problem". Sexual and Relationship Therapy . 29 (1): 68–75. doi : 10.1080/14681994.2013.861898 . ISSN 1468-1994 . S2CID 145015659 .

^ Haldeman, D (1991). "Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination" (PDF) . Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy : 149–160. doi : 10.4135/9781483325422.n10 . ISBN 9780803937642 .

^ Christensen, Jen. "WHO classifies compulsive sexual behavior as mental health condition" . CNN . Retrieved 26 November 2018 .

^ "ICD-11 – Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" . icd.who.int . Retrieved 26 November 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11" . Psychology Today . Retrieved 27 March 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Sassover, Eli; Weinstein, Aviv (29 September 2020). "Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view". Journal of Behavioral Addictions . Akademiai Kiado Zrt. doi : 10.1556/2006.2020.00055 . ISSN 2062-5871 . PMID 32997646 . S2CID 222167039 .

^ Jump up to: a b a verified Counsellor or Therapist (18 January 2021). "Do I have compulsive sexual behaviour?" . Counselling Directory . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . "Materials related to the ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with 'sex addiction', but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework." ICD-11. World Health Organisation.

^ Jump up to: a b Neves, Silva (2021). Compulsive Sexual Behaviours: A Psycho-Sexual Treatment Guide for Clinicians . Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-000-38710-0 . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework

^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274 .

^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction" . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience . 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681 . PMID 24459410 . Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state. 41 . ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

^ "Glossary of Terms" . Mount Sinai School of Medicine . Department of Neuroscience . Retrieved 9 February 2015 .

^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction" . New England Journal of Medicine . 374 (4): 363–371. doi : 10.1056/NEJMra1511480 . PMC 6135257 . PMID 26816013 . Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

^ Jump up to: a b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–368. ISBN 9780071481274 . The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. A reward is a stimulus that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive. A reinforcing stimulus is one that increases the probability that behaviors paired with it will be repeated. Not all reinforcers are rewarding—for example, a negative or punishing stimulus might reinforce avoidance behaviors. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ... Dependence is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during withdrawal , which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine). The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome.

^ American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

^ Kafka, M. P. (2010). "Hypersexual Disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V" (PDF) . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 39 (2): 377–400. doi : 10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7 . PMID 19937105 . S2CID 2190694 .

^ American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition, text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

^ Irons, R.; Irons, J. P. (1996). "Differential diagnosis of addictive sexual disorders using the DSM-IV" . Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity . 3 : 7–21. doi : 10.1080/10720169608400096 .

^ Psychiatry's bible: Autism, binge-eating updates proposed for 'DSM' USA Today.

^ Jump up to: a b American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 481, 797–798 . ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8 . Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.

^ Rachael Rettner (6 December 2012). " 'Sex Addiction' Still Not Official Disorder" . LiveScience . Retrieved 2 January 2013 .

^ American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Conditions for Further Study". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm)) . G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 916. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3 . Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.

^ American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm)) . G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3 . In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming (see “Conditions for Further Study”), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed behavioral addictions (with subcategories such as “sex addiction,” “exercise addiction,” and “shopping addiction”), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.

^ "2017/18 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F52.8: Other sexual dysfunction not due to a substance or known physiological condition" . Icd10data.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .

^ "compulsive sexual behavior disorder" . "

^ Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11" . Psychology Today . Retrieved 28 November 2018 .

^ Patrick Carnes; David Delmonico; Elizabeth Griffin (2001). In the Shadows of the Net . p. 31 . ISBN 1-59285-149-5 .

^ Goodman, Aviel (1998). Sexual Addiction: An Integrated Approach . Madison, Connecticut : International Universities Press . pp. 233–234. ISBN 978-0-8236-6063-6 .

^ "What is Sex Addiction and Sex Addict FAQs" . Understanding Sexual Addiction . Retrieved 17 October 2020 .

^ "2011 New definition of addiction: Addiction is a chronic brain disease, not just bad behavior or bad choices" . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

^ "2011 Addiction Now Defined As Brain Disorder, Not Behavior Issue" . NBC News . Retrieved 15 August 2011 .

^ "2011 ASAM: The Definition of Addiction" . Retrieved 12 April 2011 .

^ Mitchell, Stephen (1995). Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01405-7 .

^ Hull J. W.; Clarkin J. F.; Yeomans F. (1993). "Borderline personality disorder and impulsive sexual behavior". Psychiatric Services . 44 (10): 1000–1001. doi : 10.1176/ps.44.10.1000 . PMID 8225264 .

^ Jump up to: a b "AASECT Position on Sex Addiction – AASECT:: American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists" . Aasect.org . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .

^ Williams, DJ; Thomas, Jeremy; Prior, Emily; Wright, S.; Sprott, Richard (2017). "Addiction to Sex and/or Pornography: A Position Statement from the Center for Positive Sexuality (CPS), The Alternative Sexualities Health Research Alliance (TASHRA), and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF)" (PDF) . Journal of Positive Sexuality . 3 (3): 40. doi : 10.51681/1.331 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .

^ "Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers : Statement about sexual addiction, sexual abuse, and effective treatment" (PDF) . Atsa.com . 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .

^ Prause, Nicole; Janssen, Erick; Georgiadis, Janniko; Finn, Peter; Pfaus, James (1 December 2017). "Data do not support sex as addictive" . Lancet Psychiatry . 4 (12): 899. doi : 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30441-8 . PMID 29179928 .

^ Grubbs, Joshua B.; Hoagland, K. Camille; Lee, Brinna N.; Grant, Jennifer T.; Davison, Paul; Reid, Rory C.; Kraus, Shane W. (2020). "Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research" . Clinical Psychology Review . Elsevier BV. 82 : 101925. doi : 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925 . ISSN 0272-7358 . PMID 33038740 . S2CID 222280824 .

^ "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 6C72 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder" . ICD-11 . Retrieved 19 April 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Olsen CM (December 2011). "Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions" . Neuropharmacology . 61 (7): 1109–1122. doi : 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 . PMC 3139704 . PMID 21459101 . Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA ... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)." Table 1 "

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (2012). "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms" . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs . 44 (1): 38–55. doi : 10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 . PMC 4040958 . PMID 22641964 . It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of D
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