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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box
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A blue box is an electronic device, designed specifically for telephone toll fraud (but now obsolete for that purpose), that generates the in-band signaling tones formerly used within the North American long distance telephone network to send line status and called number information over voice circuits, either between a telephone operatorswitchboard or technician console and a switching machine, or machine to machine. First developed during the 1960s or possibly earlier, blue boxes allowed private individuals to call one number normally and redirect the c…
A blue box is an electronic device, designed specifically for telephone toll fraud (but now obsolete for that purpose), that generates the in-band signaling tones formerly used within the North American long distance telephone network to send line status and called number information over voice circuits, either between a telephone operator switchboard or technician console and a switching machine, or machine to machine. First developed during the 1960s or possibly earlier, blue boxes allowed private individuals to call one number normally and redirect the call to a second number, with billing registering only the first number. The first number might be a toll free "800" or "information" number, a billable number, an unassigned number, or even, in some metropolitan areas, a local call. The call could be redirected to telephones elsewhere in North America or on many other continents, or, possibly, to ships at sea. Furthermore, the blue box gave the user access to numbers that were supposed to only be accessible to telephone operators and technicians.

(In some metropolitan areas, local calls to certain exchanges were connected through "tandem" machines, which also connected long distance calls. The user could dial a local number that was connected via one of those machines and redirect the call to a long distance number. In some areas, the caller might subscribe to a service which allowed unlimited calling to a particular distant exchange, with these calls connected via a tandem machine.)

At first, the use of these techniques was limited to a small group of "phreakers", who constructed blue boxes for personal use. The devices may have been breadboarded, with exposed wiring, not packaged for sale as a consumer product, and may have required adjustments from time to time to keep the oscillators on frequency. One phreaker, who was an exception, was Steve Wozniak. He built robust blue boxes which Steve Jobs sold.

Blue boxes worked because the telephone system used tones within the long distance network, but those tones could originate at user telephones to take over control of call routing, after the telephone was connected to the long distance network. Subsequent telephone switching technologies used out-of-band signaling methods in the form of Common Channel Interoffice Signaling (CCIS) in a separate channel not accessible to the caller. Blue boxes stopped working as toll fraud devices as these systems were deployed.

A related device, dubbed black box, enabled the reception of calls without incurring a charge to the caller.

Modern devices, designed for imitating toll fraud on emulations of the tone signaling system, are also called blue boxes.

Some musical instruments and pieces of test equipment are capable of producing the tones, but are not called blue boxes because they were not designed specifically for toll fraud.
Local calling had been increasingly automated through the first half of the 20th century, but long-distance calling still required operator intervention. Automation was deemed essential by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). By the 1940s they had developed a system that used audible tones played over the long-distance lines to control network connections. Tone pairs, referred to as multi-frequency (MF) signals, were assigned to the digits used for telephone numbers. A different, single tone, referred to as single frequency (SF), was use…
Local calling had been increasingly automated through the first half of the 20th century, but long-distance calling still required operator intervention. Automation was deemed essential by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). By the 1940s they had developed a system that used audible tones played over the long-distance lines to control network connections. Tone pairs, referred to as multi-frequency (MF) signals, were assigned to the digits used for telephone numbers. A different, single tone, referred to as single frequency (SF), was used as a line status signal.

Bell Telephone Laboratories published a public relations advertisement, Playing a Tune for a Telephone Number, in the February 1950 issue of Popular Electronics. It showed the musical notes for the digits on a staff and described the telephone operator's pushbuttons as a "musical keyboard". Two keys on a piano would need to be pushed simultaneously to play the tones for each digit. The illustration did not include the tone pairs for the special control signals KP and ST. The KP signal preceded the digits and ST concluded them. In the picture, the operator's finger is on the KP key and the ST key is visible.

In the 1950s, AT&T released a public relations film, "Speeding Speech", which described the operation of the system. In the film, the tone sequence for sending a complete telephone number are heard through a loudspeaker as a technician presses the keys for dialing.

In November 1954, the Bell System Technical Journal published an article entitled "In-Band Single-Frequency Signaling", which described the signaling scheme used for starting and ending telephone calls for the purpose of routing over trunk lines. In November 1960, an article in the Bell System Technical Journal provided an overview of the technical details of signaling systems, and disclosed the frequencies of the signals.

Each end of a trunk line typically had a device called a signaling unit, which received a two-state DC status signal from the connected equipment, and provided a two-state DC status signal to the connected equipment. Telephone engineers referred to the states as "on hook" and off hook", drawing from early wall telephone states where an earpiece was hung on a hook when the telephone was not in use and removed from the hook when in use. The trunk lines did not pass DC, so an engineering decision was made to use a tone to indicate the status, tone present for on hook (idle) and tone absent for off hook (in use). The engineers chose a high pitched tone, 2600 Hz, approx. E7 in music, that normally was not present in a pure form in speech or background sounds. The signaling unit had transmit and receive sections. In a simplified view, the transmit section sent the tone when it received an on hook status from the connected equipment and the receive section provided an on hook status output when it was receiving tone.

The receiving portion required safeguards against falsely interpreting speech, noise, music, office equipment, bells, etc. received from the user telephone as the on hook signal, and, possibly, disconnecting the call. For example, 2600 Hz might be present as an overtone in music playing in the background during a call. The signaling unit compared the signal power from a bandpass filter centered on 2600 Hz to signal power in other parts of the audio band. In the overtone case, the power in the fundamental would more than offset the power at 2600 Hz and the signaling unit would continue to report off hook.

When the call ended, the signaling unit conveyed an on hook status to the distant end by sending a "pure" 2600 Hz tone at an elevated level. The receiving signaling unit would detect the pure tone, report on hook status to the connected equipment, and connect a band stop filter to block the tone. The receiving signaling unit then went into a mode where it continued to send on hook status to the connected equipment as long as tone was present, even if there was signal in other parts of the audio frequency band. After a short time, the sending end reduced the tone level and continued to send tone as long as it received on hook status from its connected equipment.

Discovery and early use
Before the technical details were published, many users discovered unintentionally, and to their annoyance, that a 2600 Hz tone played into the caller's handset would cause a long-distance call to disconnect. The 2600 Hz tone might be present if the caller were whistling into the telephone microphone while waiting for the called party to answer. Upon detecting the tone from the caller's end, the receiving signaling unit sent an on hook status to the connected equipment, which disconnected the call from that point forward, as if the caller had hung up. When the whistling stopped, the far end signaling unit sent an off hook signal to the connected equipment, which would connect equipment to connect a new call. In many cases, a tone receiver was connected which accepted digits sent in the MF tone code.

Among the earliest to discover this effect was Joe Engressia, known as Joybubbles, who accidentally discovered it at the age of seven by whistling (with his mouth). He became fascinated with the phone network, and over the next decade had built up a considerable base of knowledge about the system and how to place calls using the control tones He and other famous phone phreaks, such as "Bill from New York" and "The Glitch", trained themselves to whistle 2600 Hz to reset a trunk line. They also learned how to route telephone calls by causing trunks to flash in certain patterns .

At one point in the 1960s, packages of the Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal included a free gift: a small whistle that, by coincidence, generated a 2600 Hz tone when one of the whistle's two holes was covered. The phreaker John Draper adopted his nickname "Captain Crunch" from this whistle.

It was possible for the user to generate the tones and get the long distance equipment to behave differently from the way it worked in normal operation. The caller would dial one number and allow the equipment to start processing the call normally. Before the dialed number was answered, the caller would send 2600 Hz and distant equipment would disconnect the call. Then, the caller would remove the tone and a digit receiver would be connected. The caller would dial a new call using the MF tone code. The billing equipment would register the original dialed number and the call would connect to a different number. If the original dialed number were a toll free number, the caller would not be charged for the call.

It was technically possible to generate the tones with technology available at the time the system was first deployed. A piano or electronic organ had keys that were close enough in frequency to work. With tuning, they could even be made dead on frequency. For dialing the phone number, the user would press 2 keys at a time. An experienced pianist might have find the key combinations awkward to play. However, a blank player piano roll could have been punched to operate the required keys and dial a phone number. Another strategy would have been to purchase doorbells, remove the plungers, and mount them on a frame that could be set over the piano keyboard. Twelve DPDT pushbuttons, labelled KP, ST and the 10 digits, would operate pairs of plungers to play the phone company tones, after the E7 piano key had been pressed and released.

At the time, there were consumer devices for recording on wire or blank phonograph records, so the piano did not have to be near the phone. Consumer tape recorders came later and made the recording process easier. Small, battery powered, tape recorders allowed the tones to be played back almost anywhere.

Originally, long distance calls were placed through operators, who acted as "gatekeepers", able to listen in on calls and detect irregularities that machines would not catch. However, customer dialing of long distance calls was being deployed throughout the 1950s. Quite often, an operator came on line to ask for the caller's number,. The caller could dial a non-existent exchange and give the operator someone else's number. The call would be routed through the network to a "reorder" signal or recorded announcement. The caller could use tones to redirect the call to a different number. A day later or longer, the billing computer would get the information about the call and be unable to bill it. If telephone security people were presented with information about the call, they would have neither the correct called nor calling number.

The "toll free" 800 service was launched in 1967 and gave the hackers numbers to call.

Blue Boxes
It was possible to construct an electronic blue box with 1940s vacuum tube technology, but the device would have been relatively large and power hungry. Just as it did for radios, shrinking them from the size of toasters to the size of cigarette packages and allowing them to be powered by small batteries, transistor technology made a small, battery powered, electronic blue box practical.

AT&T security captured its first blue box in about 1962, but it probably wasn't the first one built.

A typical blue box had 13 pushbuttons. One button would be for the 2600 Hz tone, pressed and released to disconnect the outgoing connection and then connect a digit receiver. There would be a KP button, to be pressed next, 10 buttons for telephone number digits, and the ST button to be pressed last. The blue box may have had 7 oscillators, 6 for the 2 out of 6 digit code and one for the 2600 Hz tone, or 2 oscillators with switchable frequencies.

The blue box was thought to be a sophisticated electronic device and sold on the black market for a typical $800-1000 or as much as $3500. Actually, designing and building one was within the capabilities of many electronics students and engineers with knowledge of the required tones, using published designs for electronic oscillators, amplifiers and switch matrixes, and assembled with readily available parts. Furthermore, it was possible to generate the required tones using consumer products or lab test equipment. The tones could be recorded on small, battery powered, cassette recorders for playback anywhere.

To reduce call set up time, telephone numbers were transmitted from machine to machine in a "speed dial" format, about 1.5 seconds for a 10 digit number, including KP and ST. To catch the cheaters, AT&T could have connected monitors to digit receivers that weren't being used for operator dialed calls and logged calls dialed at manual speed. So, some hackers went to the extra trouble of building blue boxes that stored telephone numbers and played the tones with the same timing as the machines.

Here's a link to a video of a commercially available test set which played the tones "speed di
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