Sex History New

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Sex History New
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For the Michel Foucault volume, see The History of Sexuality . For a documentary TV series, see The History of Sex .
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— Yuri Lisyansky in his memoirs [20]

^ The Adapted Mind (Google Books Link) "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Change" by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, page 219.

^ The Adapted Mind (Google Books Link) On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior by Donald Symons, page 137

^ "bigeye.com" . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2006 .

^ "Djerassi on birth control in Japan – abortion 'yes,' pill 'no' " (Press release). Stanford University News Service. 14 February 1996 . Retrieved 23 August 2006 .

^ AP (20 August 2004). "Japanese Women Shun The Pill" . HealthWatch . CBS News . Retrieved 23 August 2006 .

^ A., Flower, Michael (1997). Theopompus of Chios : history and rhetoric in the fourth century BC . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198152434 . OCLC 38040291 .

^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.

^ Rebecca Langlands , Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 37–38 et passim .

^ Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xii.

^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.

^ Pollini, John (March 1999). "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver" . Art Bulletin . 81 (1): 21–52. doi : 10.2307/3051285 . JSTOR 3051285 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 .

^ Sexuality and gender in the classical world : readings and sources . McClure, Laura, 1959-, Wiley InterScience (Online service). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0470755539 . OCLC 212125918 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link )

^ As argued by Ariadne Staples throughout From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion (Routledge, 1998).

^ Cicero , De officiis 1.17.54; Sabine MacCormack, "Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society," Comparative Studies in Society and History 39.4 (1997), p. 651.

^ This is a theme throughout Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993).

^ Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in A Companion to the Roman Empire , p. 329.

^ Davina C. Lopez, "Before Your Very Eyes: Roman Imperial Ideology, Gender Constructs and Paul's Inter-Nationalism," in Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses (Brill, 2007), p. 135.

^ the International Encyclopedia of Sexuality in volume 1, French Polynesia (Anne Bolin, Ph.D.),5. Interpersonal Heterosexual Behaviors, A. Children, edited by Robert T. Francoeur publish by Continuum International Publishing Group "CCIES at the Kinsey Institute: French Polynesia" . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . "The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality: French Polynesia" . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 .

^ Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai’i: A Sexological Ethnography from Milton Diamond "Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai段" . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . "Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i" . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 .

^ Voyage round the world in the Ship "Neva", Lisiansky, London 1814, p67

^ Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806 auf Befehl Seiner Kaiserliche Majestät Alexanders des Ersten auf den Schiffen Nadeschda und Newa (Journey around the World in the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806 at the Command of his Imperial Majesty Alexander I in the Ships Nadezhda and Neva) published in Saint Petersburg in 1810. volume I, p. 116

^ Voyage autour du monde par Étienne Marchand, précédé d'une introduction historique ; auquel on a joint des recherches sur les terres australes de Drake, et un examen critique de voyage de Roggeween, avec cartes et figures, Paris, years VI-VIII, 4 vol. p109

^ "The pill and the marriage revolution | The Clayman Institute for Gender Research" . gender.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 .

^ "The Law: Abortion and Privacy" . Time . 13 March 1972. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.

^ Adolescence and puberty By John Bancroft, June Machover Reinisch, p.162

^ "... sow illegitimate and bastard seed in courtesans , or sterile seed in males in defiance of nature." — Plato , in Laws (Book VIII p.841 edition of Stephanus or p.340, edition of Penguin Books, 1972).

^ Roman Homosexuality , Craig Arthur Williams, p.60

^ ( Foucault 1986 ) harv error: no target: CITEREFFoucault1986 ( help )

^ Hubbard, Thomas K. (2003). "Review of David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality. ". Bryn Mawr Classical Review .

^ Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual . Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923 . The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory .

^ Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" (PDF) . In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past . Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2019.

^ ( Boswell 1980 ) harv error: no target: CITEREFBoswell1980 ( help )

^ Campbell, Marianne; Hinton, Jordan D. X.; Anderson, Joel R. (February 2019). "A systematic review of the relationship between religion and attitudes toward transgender and gender-variant people" . International Journal of Transgenderism . Taylor & Francis . 20 (1): 21–38. doi : 10.1080/15532739.2018.1545149 . ISSN 1553-2739 . LCCN 2004213389 . OCLC 56795128 . PMC 6830999 . PMID 32999592 . S2CID 151069171 . Many religions are based on teachings of peace, love, and tolerance, and thus, at least based on those specific teachings, these religions promote intergroup pro-sociality. However, evidence from studies of religion and social attitudes have paradoxically revealed that religion is typically a predictor of intergroup anti-sociality, or in other words religion tends to predict most forms of prejudice. When conceptualizing religion in terms of self-reported categorical religious affiliation (i.e., Christian , Muslim , Jewish , etc.), religiously affiliated individuals tend to report more negative attitudes against a variety of social outgroups than individuals who are not religiously affiliated. [...] In addition, most Abrahamic religions (e.g., Judaism , Christianity , and Islam ) contain dogmas in which their respective deity create mankind with individuals who are perfectly entrenched in the gender binary (e.g., Adam and Eve ), and thus religions might be instilling cisgender normativity into individuals who ascribe to their doctrines.

^ Graham, Philip (2017). "Male Sexuality and Pornography" . Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 250–251. doi : 10.1017/9781316874998.013 . ISBN 9781107183933 . LCCN 2017004137 . Patriarchal beliefs assert the "natural" superiority of men with a right to leadership in family and public life. Such beliefs derive particularly from Abrahamic religions . Patriarchal attitudes relating to sexual behaviour are mixed and inconsistent. They include, on one hand, the idea that as part of their natural inferiority, women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the rape myth – even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a "natural" right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) [2015]. "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In Fewell, Danna N. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 456–465. doi : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39 . ISBN 9780199967728 . LCCN 2015033360 . S2CID 146505567 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Leeming, David A. (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". Journal of Religion and Health . Springer Verlag . 42 (2): 101–109. doi : 10.1023/A:1023621612061 . ISSN 1573-6571 . JSTOR 27511667 . S2CID 38974409 .

^ Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). "The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression" . Gender in Medieval Culture . London : Bloomsbury Academic . pp. 74–78. doi : 10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003 . ISBN 978-1-4411-2160-8 .

^ Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin . SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc. 45 (2): 68–87. doi : 10.1177/0146107915577097 . ISSN 1945-7596 . S2CID 170127256 .

^ Gilbert, Kathleen (29 September 2008). "Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful' " . Catholic Online . Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.

^ Robinson, Gene; Krehely, Jeff; Steenland, Sally (8 December 2010). "What are Religious Texts Really Saying about Gay and Transgender Rights?" . Center for American Progress . Retrieved 30 March 2021 .

^ Modisane, Cameron (15 November 2014). "The Story of Sodom and Gomorrah was NOT About Homosexuality" . News24 . Retrieved 30 March 2021 .

^ Doerfler, Maria E. (2016) [2014]. "Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity" . In Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (eds.). Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity (1st ed.). London and New York : Routledge . pp. 37–51. doi : 10.4324/9781315578125-9 . ISBN 9780367879334 . LCCN 2014000554 . OCLC 921583924 . S2CID 165559811 .

^ Hunter, David G. (2015). "Celibacy Was "Queer": Rethinking Early Christianity" . In Talvacchia, Kathleen T.; Pettinger, Michael F.; Larrimore, Mark (eds.). Queer Christianities: Lived Religion in Transgressive Forms . Choice Reviews Online . Vol. 52. New York and London : NYU Press . pp. 13–24. doi : 10.5860/choice.188990 . ISBN 9781479851812 . JSTOR j.ctt13x0q0q.6 . LCCN 2014025201 . S2CID 152944605 .

^ Frost, Natasha (2 March 2018). "A Modern Controversy Over Ancient Homosexuality" . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 24 April 2021 .

^ McClain, Lisa. "A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality" . The Conversation . Retrieved 24 April 2021 .

^ Geissinger, Ash (2021). "Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources" . In Howe, Justine (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender (1st ed.). London and New York : Routledge . pp. 101–115. doi : 10.4324/9781351256568-6 . ISBN 978-1-351-25656-8 . S2CID 224909490 .

^ Schmidtke, Sabine (June 1999). "Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 62 (2): 260–266. doi : 10.1017/S0041977X00016700 . eISSN 1474-0699 . ISSN 0041-977X . JSTOR 3107489 . S2CID 170880292 .

^ Murray, Stephen O. (1997). "The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality" . In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature . New York and London : NYU Press . pp. 14–54. doi : 10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004 . ISBN 9780814774687 . JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4 . OCLC 35526232 . S2CID 141668547 .

^ Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF) . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504 . doi : 10.2307/603399 . ISSN 0003-0279 . JSTOR 603399 . LCCN 12032032 . OCLC 47785421 . S2CID 163738149 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 November 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Baarda, Benjamin I.; Sikora, Aleksandra E. (2015). "Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease" . Frontiers in Microbiology . 6 : 1190. doi : 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01190 . ISSN 1664-302X . PMC 4620152 . PMID 26579097 ; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: postscript ( link )

^ "Shrine Prostitutes – Is THAT what Moses was talking about in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13?" . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 .

^ Bahn, Paul G. (1998). The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-45473-5 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b Cornog, M.; Perper, T. (1994). "Bestiality" . In Haeberle, E. J.; Bullough, B. L.; Bullough; et al. (eds.). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia . New York & London: Garland. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 .

^ Leviticus 20:15

^ Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs . Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63-4, 89.

^ Francis, Thomas (20 August 2009). "Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement" . Broward Palm Beach New Times . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 .

^ BBC News


The social construction of human sexuality and sexual behavior —along with its taboos , regulation , and social and political impact—has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times.

The work of Swiss jurist Johann Bachofen made a major impact on the study of the history of sexuality. Many authors, notably Lewis Henry Morgan and Friedrich Engels , were influenced by Bachofen, and criticized Bachofen's ideas on the subject, which were almost entirely drawn from a close reading of ancient mythology. In his 1861 book Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World Bachofen writes that in the beginning human sexuality was chaotic and promiscuous.

This "aphroditic" stage was replaced by a matriarchal "demeteric" stage, which resulted from the mother being the only reliable way of establishing descendants. Only upon the switch to male-enforced monogamy was paternity certainty possible, giving rise to patriarchy—the ultimate "apolloan" stage of humanity. While the views of Bachofen are not based on empirical evidence, they are important because of the impact they made on thinkers to come, especially in the field of cultural anthropology .

Modern explanations of the origins of human sexuality are based in evolutionary biology , and specifically the field of human behavioral ecology . Evolutionary biology shows that the human genotype, like that of all other organisms, is the result of those ancestors who reproduced with greater frequency than others. The resultant sexual behavior adaptations are thus not an "attempt" on the part of the individual to maximize reproduction in a given situation—natural selection does not "see" into the future. Instead, current behavior is probably the result of selective forces that occurred in the Pleistocene. [1]

For example, a man trying to have sex with many women all while avoiding parental investment is not doing so because he wants to "increase his fitness", but because the psychological framework that evolved and thrived in the Pleistocene never went away. [2]

Sexual speech—and by extension, writing—has been subject to varying standards of decorum since the beginning of history . For most of historic time writing has not been used by more than a small part of the total population of any society. The resulting self-censorship and euphemistic forms translate today into a dearth of explicit and accurate evidence on which to base a history. There are a number of primary sources that can be collected across a wide variety of times and cultures, including the following:

India played a significant role in the history of sex, from writing one of the first literatures that treated sexual intercourse as a science, to in modern times being the origin of the philosophical focus of new-age groups' attitudes on sex. It may be argued that India pioneered the use of sexual education through art and literature. As in many societies, there was a difference in sexual practices in India between common people and powerful rulers, with people in power often indulging in hedonistic lifestyles that were not representative of common moral attitudes. Many of the common (and not so common) sexual practices in the world today, such as the custom and art of kissing, emerged in India, proliferating with early forms of globalization.

The first evidence of attitudes towards sex comes from the ancient texts of Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism , the first of which are perhaps the oldest surviving literature in the world. These most ancient texts, the Vedas , reveal moral perspectives on sexuality, marriage and fertility prayers. Sex magic featured in a number of Vedic rituals, most significantly in the Asvamedha Yajna , where the ritual culminated with the chief queen lying with the dead horse in a simulated sexual act; clearly a fertility rite intended to safeguard and increase the kingdom's productivity and martial prowess. The epics of ancient India, the Ramayana and Mahabharata , which may have been first composed as early as 1400 BCE, had a huge effect on the culture of Asia , influencing later Chinese , Japanese , Tibetan and South East Asian culture. These texts support the view that in ancient India, sex was considered a mutual duty between a married couple, where husband and wife pleasured each other equally, but where sex was considered a private affair, at least by followers of the aforementioned Indian religions. It seems that polygamy was allowed during ancient times. In practice, this seems to have only been practiced by rulers, with common people maintaining a monogamous marriage. It is common in many cultures for a ruling class to practice polygamy as a way of preserving dynastic succession.

The most publicly known sexual literature of India are the texts of the Kama Sutra . These texts were written for and kept by the philosopher, warrior and nobility castes
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