Secretary Hcm Ru
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Secretary Hcm Ru
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Vietnamese communist leader (1891–1969)
Bạch Liên (or Nguyễn Thị Thanh ; sister)
Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm (or Nguyễn Tất Đạt ; brother)
Nguyễn Sinh Xin (brother)
Politician revolutionary pastry chef
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^ / h oʊ tʃ iː m ɪ n / ; [1] Vietnamese: [hò cǐ mīŋ] ( listen ) , Saigon: [hò cǐ mɨn] ; Chữ Hán : 胡志明
^ Jump up to: a b c His birth name appeared in a letter from the director of Collège Quốc học , dated 7 August 1908. [2]
^ The North Vietnamese government initially announced his death on 3 September in order to prevent news of it from coinciding with National Day . In 1989, the Politburo of unified Vietnam revealed the change, along with changes which were made in his will, and it revised the date to 2 September [5] [6]
^ or simply known as Bác, pronounced[ʔɓaːk˦˥]
^ including Nguyễn Tất Thành, Nguyễn Ái Quốc, Văn Ba and over 50-200 aliases
^ In his application to the French Colonial School – "Nguyen Tat Thanh, born 1892 at Vinh, son of Mr. Nguyen Sinh Huy (sub doctor in literature)"
^ He told Paris Police (Surete) he was born 15 January 1894.
^ Dommen (2001), p.340 gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions
^ He sometimes went on-air to deliver important political messages and encourage soldiers. [131] [ page needed ]
^ "Ho Chi Minh" . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .
^ Vũ Ngự Chiêu (23 October 2011). "Vài vấn nạn lịch sử thế kỷ XX: Hồ Chí Minh—Nhà ngoại giao, 1945–1946" . Hợp Lưu Magazine (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Note: See the document in French, from Centre des archives d'Outre-mer [CAOM] (Aix)/Gouvernement General de l'Indochine [GGI]/Fonds Residence Superieure d'Annam [RSA]/carton R1 , and the note in English at the end of the cited article
^ Jump up to: a b Trần Quốc Vượng. "Lời truyền miệng dân gian về Hồ Chí Minh" . BBC Vietnamese . Retrieved 10 December 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b Nguyễn Vĩnh Châu. "Phỏng vấn sử gia Vũ Ngự Chiêu về những nghiên cứu lịch sử liên quan đến Hồ Chí Minh" . Hợp Lưu Magazine . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b Nguyễn Xuân Tùng (18 September 2014). "Giới thiệu những tư liệu về Di chúc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh" [Introduction to documents related to President Ho Chi Minh's will] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Justice (Vietnam) . Retrieved 1 October 2021 .
^ Ngo, Tam T. T. (2018). "The Uncle Hồ religion in Vietnam" . In Dean, Kenneth; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia . Springer. p. 219. ISBN 978-3-319-89369-3 .
^ "Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam" . BBC News . 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh: A Life . New York: Hyperion, 2000.
^ Duncanson 1957 , p. 85.
^ Pike 1976 .
^ Trần Dân Tiên 1994 .
^ Yen Son. "Nguyen Ai Quoc, the Brilliant Champion of the Revolution." Thuong Tin Hanoi. 30 August 1945.
^ Ton That Thien 18, 1890 is the most likely year of his birth. There is troubling conflicting evidence, however. When he was arrested in Hong Kong in 1931, he attested in court documents that he was 36. The passport he used to enter Russia in 1921 also gave the year 1895 as his birth date. His application to the Colonial School in Paris gave his birth year as 1892
^ Jump up to: a b Hunt 2016 , p. 125.
^ "Ngo Dinh Diem and ho Chi Minh" . nguoiviet.com. 3 November 2018.
^ Tucker 1999 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Quinn-Judge 2002 , p. 20.
^ Debolt, Abbe A; Baugess, James S (12 December 2011). Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture [2 volumes]: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture . ISBN 9781440801020 .
^ Duiker 2012 .
^ "The Drayton Court Hotel" . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 January 2013 .
^ Quinn-Judge 2002 , p. 25.
^ Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). Vietnam Past and Present: The North . Chiang Mai, Thailand: Cognoscenti Books.
^ Harries, David. "Maritime Sussex" . Sussex Express . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 .
^ Gisele Bousquet, Behind the Bamboo Hedge: The Impact of Homeland Politics in Parisian Vietnamese Community , University of Michigan Press, pp. 47–48
^ Phong, Huy; Anh, Yen (1989). "Unmasking Ho Chi Minh" . Viet Quoc . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 .
^ Huynh, Kim Kháhn, Vietnamese Communism, 1925–1945 . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982; pg. 60.
^ Tran Dan, Tien. "Ho Chi Minh, Life and Work" . Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper . Gioi Publishers. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .
^ Brett Reilly, review of Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam by Fredrik Logevall, Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11.1 (2016), 147.r
^ "호찌민 감시 佛 경찰문건 대거발굴…한국 임시정부 활약상 생생" . 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 21.
^ Tôn Thất Thiện 1990 , p. 23–24.
^ "The Learning Network" . The New York Times .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Brocheux 2007 , p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, Phillip B., Vietnam at War: The History: 1946–1975 (1991), p. 4. Hoàng Văn Chí . From Colonialism to Communism (1964), p. 18.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 44 and xiii.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Then & now: In the name of the law" .
^ Jump up to: a b Moise 1988 , p. 11.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 57–58.
^ "Ho Chi Minh" . u-s-history.com . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 .
^ Tôn Thất Thiện 1990 .
^ Hong Ha (2010). Bác Hồ Trên Đất Nước Lê-Nin . Nhà Xuất Bản Thanh Niên. [ page needed ]
^ Tôn Thất Thiện 1990 , p. 39.
^ "Ho Chi Minh Was Noted for Success in Blending Nationalism and Communism" , The New York Times
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 198.
^ Interview with Archimedes L. A. Patti, 1981 ,
^ Interview with OSS officer Carleton Swift, 1981
^ Zinn 1995 , p. 460.
^ "Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh" . Rationalrevolution.net . Retrieved 26 September 2009 .
^ Zinn 1995 , p. 461.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ben-gurion Reveals Suggestion of North Vietnam's Communist Leader" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 November 1966 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "ISRAEL WAS EVERYTHING" . The New York Times . 21 June 1987 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 .
^ Currey, Cecil B. Victory At Any Cost (Washington: Brassey's, 1997), p. 126
^ Tucker, Spencer. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history (vol. 2), 1998 [ page needed ]
^ Colvin, John. Giap: the Volcano under the Snow (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p. 51
^ "Vietnam Declaration of Independence" . Coombs.anu.edu.au. 2 September 1945. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 .
^ Karnow 1983 .
^ "Liam Kelley | Department of History" . 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014.
^ "Chiang Kai-shek and Vietnam in 1945" . 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 .
^ Turner 1975 , p. 57–9, 67–9, 74.
^ "Myths of the Vietnam War". Southeast Asian Perspectives . September 1972. pp. 14–8.
^ Dommen 2001 , p. 153–4.
^ Daniel Hemery (1975) Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine . François Maspero, Paris. 1975 [ page needed ]
^ Ngo Van (2000) Viet-nam 1920–1945: Révolution et Contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale , Paris: Nautilus Editions [ page needed ]
^ Daniel Guérin (1954) Aux services des colonises, 1930–1953 , Editions Minuit, Paris, p. 22
^ A nationwide call for resistance [ vi ]
^ "Lone Sentry: New Weapons for Jap Tank Hunters (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, March 1945)" . lonesentry.com . Retrieved 27 May 2016 .
^ Fall 1967 , p. 88.
^ Luo, Guibo. pp. 233–36
^ Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology", p. 45.
^ McMaster, H.R. (1997) "Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam", pg. 35.
^ Dommen 2001 , p. 252.
^ Valentino 2005 , p. 83.
^ Maclear, pp. 65–68.
^ Jacobs 2006 , pp. 43–53.
^ Turner 1975 , pp. 89, 91, 97.
^ Logevall 2012 , p. 610.
^ Turner 1975 , p. 107.
^ Logevall 2012 , p. 604.
^ Turner 1975 , p. 97.
^ Logevall 2012 , p. 603.
^ Turner 1975 , pp. 90, 97.
^ Turner 1975 , pp. 97–98.
^ Turner 1975 , p. 99.
^ Turner 1975 , pp. 95, 99–100.
^ Turner 1975 , p. 143.
^ Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam" . Far Eastern Survey . 28 (8): 113–126. doi : 10.2307/3024603 . JSTOR 3024603 .
^ Vu, Tuong (25 May 2007). "Newly released documents on the land reform" (Mailing list). Vietnam Studies Group . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953–1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper, Moise (7–9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate of close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however).
^ Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). "Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56" (PDF) . Cold War History . 5 (4): 395–426. doi : 10.1080/14682740500284630 . S2CID 153956945 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 .
^ Vu 2010 , p. 103. "Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China. ... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere".
^ Jump up to: a b c Ang 2002 , p. 55–58, 76.
^ Jump up to: a b "The History Place – Vietnam War 1945–1960" . Retrieved 21 December 2017 .
^ The Economist , 26 February 1983.
^ Lind, 1999
^ Ang 2002 , p. 21.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 550.
^ Nguyen 2012 , p. 62.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 174.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 291.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 237.
^ Jacobs 2006 , p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karnow 1983 , p. 292.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 233-234.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 255.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 271-273.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 271.
^ Gaiduk 2003 , p. 203.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 272.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 340-342.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 348.
^ Hunt 1993 , p. 15.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 290.
^ Davidson, Vietnam at War: the history, 1946–1975 , 1988 [ page needed ]
^ "Vietnam Veterans Against the War: History of the U.S. War in Vietnam" . vvaw.org .
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 355.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 356.
^ Chen Jian. "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–69", China Quarterly , No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 366–69.
^ "CHINA ADMITS COMBAT IN VIETNAM WAR" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 .
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 456.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 413.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 492.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 492-493.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 493.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 439.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 439-440.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 440.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 535.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karnow 1983 , p. 597.
^ Minh, Ho Chi (7 May 1968). "Ho Chi Minh: From 'Prison Diary' " . The Nation .
^ Translated version:
French – Người tình nguyện vào ngục Bastille dịch "Nhật ký trong tù"
Czech – by Ivo Vasiljev [ cs ] .
Korean – "Prison Diary" published in Korean Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Ahn Kyong Hwan.
English – by Steve Bradbury, Tinfish Press
Older version – by Aileen Palmer
Spanish – [1] by Félix Pita Rodríguez
Romanian – by ro:Constantin Lupeanu
Russian – by Pavel Antokolsky
^ Brown, Simon Leo (6 June 2014). "Esperanto the language of love" . ABC . Retrieved 29 May 2019 .
^ Marr 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b Neville 2018 , p. 33.
^ Duiker 2000 , pp. 143–145, 198; Brocheux 2007 , p. 40; Neville 2018 , p. 33.
^ Duiker 2000 , pp. 198–189; Brocheux 2007 , pp. 62–63; Neville 2018 , p. 34; Lanzona & Rettig 2020 , p. 34. Quote: "In fact, Minh Khai managed to gain the attention of Nguyen Ai Quoc [...] whom she married in late 1930 or early 1931.".
^ Duiker 2000 , pp. 185, 198.
^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b Duiker 2000 , p. 199.
^ Marr 1984 , p. 244.
^ Duiker 2000 , p. 561 .
^ "Ho Chi Minh dies of heart attack". The Globe and Mail . 4 September 1969. p. 1.
^ The Sun News-Pictorial , 1 May 1975, p. 1.
^ Marsh, Viv (7 June 2012). "Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam" . BBC . BBC. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 .
^ "Đền Thờ Bác Hồ" [Temple of Uncle Hồ]. SkyDoor (in Vietnamese). Vietnam National Administration of Tourism . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 .
^ Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy", New Politics , Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, pp. 131–136, p. 133.
^ Duiker 1982 , p. 25.
^ Pham Duy Nghia (2005), "Confucianism and the conception of the law in Vietnam," Asian Socialism and Legal Change: The dynamics of Vietnamese and Chinese Reform, John Gillespie, Pip Nicholson eds., Australian National University Press, pp. 76–90, pp. 83–84
^ Pham, Duy Nghia (2005). "4 Confucianism and the conception of the law in Vietnam". In Gillespie, John; Nicholson, Pip (eds.). Asian Socialism and Legal Change: The dynamics of Vietnamese and Chinese Reform (PDF) . ANU Press . pp. 76–90. ISBN 978-1-920942-27-4 . JSTOR j.ctt2jbjds.12 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2019 .
^ See also R. Peerenboom (2001).'Globalization, path dependency and the limits of the law: administrative law reform and the rule of law in the PRC', Berkeley Journal of International Law , 19(2):161–264.
^ Duiker 1982 , p. 26–28.
^ McDowell, p. 133
^ Nguyen Khac Vien, ' Confucianism and Marxism in Vietnam' in Nguyen Khac Vien, Tradition and Revolution in Vietnam , Berkeley, the Indochina Resource Center, 1974
^ Stein Tonnesson, From Confucianism to Communism and Back: Vietnam 1925–1995 Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine , paper presented to the Norwegian Association of Development Studies, "State and Society in East Asia", 29 April – 2 May 1993.
^ Chung Van Hoang, New Religions and State's Response to Religious Diversification in Contemporary Vietnam: Tensions from the Reinvention of the Sacred , Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017, 87–107.
^ Dinh, Thuy. "The Writer's Life Stephen B. Young and Hoa Pham Young: Painting in Lacquer" . The Zenith by Duong Thu Huong . Da Mau magazine . Retrieved 25 December 2013 .
^ Baker, Mark (15 August 2002). "Uncle Ho: a legend on the battlefield and in the boudoir" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 25 December 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Great 'Uncle Ho' may have been a mere mortal" . The Age . 15 August 2002 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 .
^ Moise 1988 , p. 6.
^ The places where President Ho Chi Minh lived and worked in Thailand , Vietnam Breaking News, 19 May 2017
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh – Ewan MacColl with the London Critics Group" . Youtube . Retrieved 21 June 2021 .
^ "LAYERS OF HISTORY – Most Indian street names honor little men for the wrong reasons" . www.telegraphindia.com .
^ "Remembering Vietnam's late President Ho Chi Minh in foreign countries – Tuoi Tre News" . 4 December 2014.
^ "Time Magazine – U.S. Edition – April 13, 1998 Vol. 151 No. 14" . content.time.com .
^ Karnow, Stanley (13 April 1998). "Ho Chi Minh" . Time – via content.time.com.
^ "[Ho Chi Minh: A Life] | C-SPAN.org" . www.c-span.org .
^ "UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1: Resolutions; 1988" (PDF) . Retrieved 26 September 2009 .
^ VietnamPlus (20 February 2022). "Foreign scholars highlights values of President Ho Chi Minh's writings on anti-racism | Society | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)" . VietnamPlus . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
^ "The Black Race by Ho Chi Minh by New Vietnam Publishing – Issuu" . issuu.com . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
^ HoChiMinhOnRevolution-SelectedWritings.pdf
Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side . RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 55–58, 76. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-9 .
Brocheux, Pierre (2007). Ho Chi Minh: A Biography . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85062-9 .
Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans . Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253338549 .
Duncanson, Dennis J (1957). "Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong 1931–1932". The China Quarterly . 57 (Jan–Mar 1957): 85.
Duiker, William J. (1982). The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. OCLC 864836133 .
—————— (2000). Ho Chi Minh: A Life . Hyperion Books. ISBN 9780786887019 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2021 . Retrieved 13 May 2021 .
—————— (2012). Ho Chi Minh: A Life . Hachette Books. ISBN 9781401305611 .
Fall, Bernard. B (1967). Last Reflections on a War . Doubleday. ISBN 9780805203295 .
Gaiduk, Ilya (2003). Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954-1963 . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804747121 .
Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). Vietnam Past and Present: The North . Chiang Mai, Thailand: Cognoscenti Books.
Hunt, David (1993). The American War in Vietnam . SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877271313 .
Hunt,
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