Sarnia Ontario Escorts
💣 👉🏻👉🏻👉🏻 ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Ontario, Canada. For other uses, see Sarnia (disambiguation).
Sarnia Semper
(Latin for "Sarnia Always")
Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, with a 2016 population of 71,594.[1] It is the largest city on Lake Huron and in Lambton County. Sarnia is located on the eastern bank of the junction between the Upper and Lower Great Lakes where Lake Huron flows into the St. Clair River, which forms the Canada–United States border, directly across from Port Huron, Michigan. The site's natural harbour first attracted the French explorer La Salle. He named the site "The Rapids" on 23 August 1679, when he had horses and men pull his 45-ton barque Le Griffon north against the nearly four-knot current[4] of the St. Clair River.[5]
This was the first time that a vessel other than a canoe or other oar-powered vessel had sailed into Lake Huron,[6] and La Salle's voyage was germinal in the development of commercial shipping on the Great Lakes.[7] Located in the natural harbour, the Sarnia port remains an important centre for lake freighters and oceangoing ships carrying cargoes of grain and petroleum products.[8] The natural port and the salt caverns that exist in the surrounding areas,[9] together with the oil discovered in nearby Oil Springs in 1858,[10] led to the dramatic growth of the petroleum industry in this area. Because Oil Springs was the first place in Canada and North America to drill commercially for oil, the knowledge that was acquired there resulted in oil drillers from Sarnia travelling the world teaching other enterprises and nations how to drill for oil.[11]
The complex of refining and chemical companies is called Chemical Valley and located south of downtown Sarnia.[12] In 2011 the city had the highest level of particulates air pollution of any Canadian city, but it has since dropped to rank 30th in this hazard.[13] About 60 percent of the particulate matter comes from industries and polluters in the neighbouring United States.[14]
Lake Huron is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter; therefore, it moderates Sarnia's humid continental climate, making temperature extremes of hot and cold less evident.[3] In the winter, Sarnia occasionally experiences lake-effect snow from Arctic air blowing across the warmer waters of Lake Huron and condensing to form snow squalls over land.[15]
The name "Sarnia" is Latin for Guernsey, a British Channel Island.[16] In 1829 Sir John Colborne, a former governor of Guernsey, was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada.[17] In this capacity, he visited two small settlements in 1835 that had been laid out on the shores of Lake Huron. One of these, named "The Rapids," consisted then of 44 taxpayers, nine frame houses, four log houses, two brick dwellings, two taverns and three stores.[18][19] The villagers wanted to change its name but were unable to agree on an alternative.[20] The English settlers favoured the name "Buenos Aires," and the ethnic Scottish favoured "New Glasgow".
Sir John Colborne suggested Port Sarnia. On 4 January 1836, the name was formally adopted by a vote of 26 to 16, and Colborne also named the nearby village Moore after British military hero Sir John Moore.[20][21] Sarnia adopted the nickname "The Imperial City" on 7 May 1914 because of the visit of Canada's Governor General, H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, and his daughter Princess Patricia.[22]
First Nations peoples have lived, hunted, and travelled across the area for at least 10,000 years, as shown by archaeological evidence on Walpole Island.[23] About A.D. 796, these peoples emerged from an amalgamation of Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potowatami clans, and formed the Three Fires Confederacy, also called the Council of Three Fires.[24] They spoke Algonquian languages, or Anishinaabe, and also had connections through common elements of cultures. They developed a self-sufficient society in which tasks and responsibilities were equally shared among all members.[25]
By the time of the 1600s and 1700s, The Three Fires Confederacy controlled much of the area known as the hub of the Great Lakes, which included the Canadian shore where Sarnia is now located.[24] During this time, it maintained relations with many of the First Nations, including the Lakota (Sioux), and the Iroquoian-speaking Huron and Five Nations of the Iroquois League, as well as the colonizing nations of Great Britain and France. Both of the latter nations had colonists and missionaries in North America, particularly closer to the Atlantic coasts and related waterways. The Confederacy's trading partners, the Huron, welcomed La Salle and the Griffon in 1679 after he sailed into Lake Huron.[5] The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a historical plaque under the Blue Water Bridge in commemoration of the voyage, as shown in the photo.
Because of this early encounter with Europeans in the area, the members of the Confederacy helped shape the development of North America throughout the 18th century, becoming a centre of trade and culture.[26] Britain tried to strengthen relations with the tribes in the area as a set of allies against the French in Quebec and the Illinois Country, and the Iroquois, who were based mostly east and south of lakes Ontario and Erie. The people of the Three Fires Confederacy sided with the French during the Seven Years' War with Great Britain. They made peace with Great Britain only after the Treaty of Fort Niagara in 1764.[24][27] The Confederacy fought on the side of the British during the War of 1812, hoping to expel the Americans from the Great Lakes hub.[28]
The Three Fires Confederacy broke several treaties with the United States prior to 1815, but finally signed the Treaty of Springwells in September of that year and ceased all hostilities directed at the US.[29] The Grand Council survived intact until the middle to late 19th century, when more modern political systems began to develop.[24]
Before the War of 1812, the first Europeans in the area were French-Canadian settlers loyal to the British Crown. Some traders and families had been in the area east and west of the Detroit and St. Clair rivers since before the British took over this territory. In this period, Detroit was still within the British colony of the Province of Quebec. Ignace Cazelet, Joseph La Forge, and Jean-Baptiste Paré are credited as the first settlers of what became Sarnia in about 1807–1810; their role is marked by a historic plaque installed by the Ontario Heritage Society. They were fur traders with the Huron and Three Fires Confederacy. At this time the French Jesuits also established a mission near the Huron village on the east bank of the river. Later the men established farms, attracted other settlers, and stimulated growth in the area.[30]
The township was surveyed in 1829, and in the early 1830s, numerous Scottish immigrants settled in the area, claiming by number to be the founders. Port Sarnia expanded throughout the 19th century; on 19 June 1856, Parliament passed An Act to Incorporate the Town of Sarnia, and the name Port Sarnia was officially changed to Sarnia, effective 1 January 1857. The Act mentioned 1,000 inhabitants in three wards.[31] The lumber industry was based on the wealth of virgin timber in the area, at a time of development around the Great Lakes. Lumber was also in demand in the booming US cities of Chicago and Detroit.
The discovery of oil in nearby Oil Springs in 1858 by James Miller Williams, and the arrival of the Great Western Railway in 1858 and the Grand Trunk Railway in 1859, all stimulated Sarnia's growth.[32] The rail lines were later linked directly to the United States by the opening of the St. Clair Tunnel under the St. Clair River at Sarnia in 1890, by the Grand Trunk Railway. This was the first railroad tunnel ever constructed under a river.[33] The tunnel was an engineering marvel in its day, achieved through the development of original techniques for excavating in a compressed air environment.
Canada Steamship Lines formed in 1913 from many previous companies that plied the waters of the St. Clair River. One of these companies was Northwest Transportation Company of Sarnia, which was founded in 1870.[34] By 20 April 1914, when Parliament passed An Act to Incorporate the City of Sarnia, the population had grown to 10,985 in six wards.[35] Sarnia officially became a city as of 7 May 1914.[22]
Sarnia's grain elevator, which in the early 21st century is the 15th-largest operating in Canada,[36] was built in 1927 after the dredging of Sarnia Harbour in order to allow access to larger ships.[37] Two years later, grain shipments had become an important part of Sarnia's economy.[38]
The grain elevator rises above the harbour, and next to it is the slip for the numerous bulk carriers and other ships that are part of the contemporary shipping industry. They include vessels from all over the world. The waterway between Detroit and Sarnia is one of the world's busiest, as indicated by the average of 78,943,900 tonnes (87,020,800 short tons; 77,697,100 long tons) of shipping that annually travelled the river going in both directions during the period 1993–2002.[39] Lake freighters and oceangoing ships, which are known as "salties,"[40] pass up and down the river at the rate of about one every seven minutes during the shipping season.[41]
The Paul M. Tellier Tunnel, which was named after the retired president of CN in 2004, was bored and began operation in 1995. It accommodates double-stacked rail cars and is located next to the original tunnel, which has been sealed.[42]
A petroleum industry was established in the Sarnia area in 1858, and in 1942, Polymer Corporation manufactured synthetic rubber there during World War II, enhancing Sarnia's notability as a petrochemical centre.[43] During the Cold War, the United States Government included Sarnia on its list of possible targets for a Soviet nuclear strike because of its petrochemical industry.[44]
On 1 January 1991, Sarnia and the neighbouring town of Clearwater (formerly Sarnia Township) were amalgamated as the new city of Sarnia-Clearwater. The amalgamation was originally slated to include the village of Point Edward, although that village's residents resisted. They were eventually permitted to remain independent of the city. On 1 January 1992, the city reverted to the name Sarnia.[18]
Sarnia's population continued to grow from 1961 to 1991, with a 1991 population of 74,376. In 2001 the population had declined by approximately 3,000. Since 2001 Sarnia's population has been growing slowly, with a 2011 population count of 72,366.[45] An April 2010 report "Sarnia-Lambton's Labour Market" states: "Large petrochemical companies are the community's main economic drivers. Over the recent past, several plants have shutdown,[sic] and of those still in operation, increased automation and outsourcing has led to significantly fewer workers."[46]
These shutdowns and the resulting loss of jobs, and therefore of population as workers search for employment elsewhere, will contribute to a general decline, as forecast by an August 2011 study. It projects a 17% decline in population over the next twenty-five years.[47] The Monteith-Brown study cited outlines a plan for restructuring the city based on hybrid zoning areas, which will bring work opportunities closer to the neighbourhoods where people live. The City of Sarnia and Lambton County are also implementing an economic development plan with an emphasis on bio-industries and renewable energy.[48]
Sarnia is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron at its extreme southern point, where it flows into the St. Clair River. Most of the surrounding area is flat, and the elevation ranges from 169 metres (554 ft) and 281 metres (922 ft) above sea level.[51] The soil mostly comprises clay.[52] Despite this high percentage of clay, the soil is remarkably rich for cultivation.
Prior to the Ice Age, glaciers covered most of the area, as can be seen not only by the creation of the Great Lakes but also by the deposits of alluvial sand, terminal moraines, and rich oil reserves. When the entire area was submerged, plant and animal matter formed many layers of sediment as they settled after the waters receded.[53] Sarnia is not part of the Canadian Shield and is located just beyond its southernmost reaches, 280 kilometres (174 mi) west of Toronto and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Detroit.[54]
Wiltshire Park, Woodland, Oak Acres, Wees Beach, Oakwood Corners, Woodrow Shores, and Blackwell, are part of the North End of Sarnia, which begins immediately north of Ontario Highway 402 and terminates at the shore of Lake Huron. Coronation Park, Heritage Park, College Park, The Tree Streets, Mitton Village, and Sherwood Village are some of the neighbourhoods south of the highway.[55]
The village of Blue Water was built to house workers and their families in Chemical Valley during the construction of Polymer Corporation; at one point it had nearly 3,000 residents. In 1961, all the residents were relocated, mostly to the North End, to make way for expansion of the chemical industry. The village was demolished, and all that remains is a historical marker at the corner of Vidal Street and Huron Avenue. This neighbourhood was largely forgotten until historian Lorraine Williams wrote two books about it. She was instrumental in gaining approval for the historical plaque.[56][57]
Sarnia has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).[58] Winters are cold with a few short-lasting Arctic air masses that dip far enough south and bring with them daily high temperatures lower than −10 °C (14 °F).[3] Sarnia, while not quite located in the southwestern Ontario snowbelt, sometimes receives large quantities of lake-effect snow. Sarnia averages 112.0 cm (44.1 in) of snow per year, while London averages 194.3 cm (76.5 in).
The lake creates a seasonal lag and, compared to the rest of Canada and inland Ontario, Sarnia has a noticeably longer warm period following summer.[59] However, cooler temperatures tend to prevail for longer after winter. Lake Huron can also create large temperature differences within the city in spring and early summer, particularly on hot days in late May and early June. Finally, extreme temperatures, particularly lows, rarely occur. Daily lows of less than −10 °C (14 °F) occur an average of 30 days a year, and less than −20 °C (−4 °F) two days a year. Summers are warm to hot and usually humid. Humidex readings can be very high at times from late May to late September. Sarnia has the second greatest number of high humidex days at or above 35 °C (95 °F) (with 23.16 days on average per year) and humidex days at or above 30 °C (86 °F) (with 61.20 days on average per year) in Canada, ranking after Windsor, Ontario.[60] Thunderstorms can become quite severe from April to September.[61] Destructive weather is very rare in the area but has occurred, such as the tornado event of 1953.
[1][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]
Population figures reflect Sarnia's amalgamation with Clearwater in 1991.
In 2016, the City of Sarnia had a population of 71,594, a decrease of 1.1% from the 2011 Census. With a land area of 164.85 km2 (63.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 434.298/km2 (1,124.83/sq mi) in 2016.[1]
As of the 2016 Census, Sarnia has a population of primarily European descent; 6.69% are visible minorities, and 3.9% are Indigenous.[1] The largest visible minority groups in the city are South Asians (1.7%) and Black Canadians (1.4%). In 2011, 87.92% of Sarnians called English their mother tongue, 2.65% listed French, 0.98% stated both of those languages, and 8.44% said another language was their mother tongue.[45]
The median age in Sarnia is 45.6 which is older than the Canadian median of 41.2,[1] indicative of Sarnia's aging population.[78] According to the 2011 Census, Sarnia is predominately Christian as 28.46% of the population were Catholic, 12.4% were members of the United Church of Canada, 7.3% were Anglican, and 20.06% were of other Christian faiths, Muslim, or Jewish; 28.38% professed no religious preference or were atheists.[79] The median income counting all persons 15 years old or older in Sarnia in 2015 was $33,833 while median family income was $86,654, in line with the averages for Ontario as a whole, at $33,539 and $91,089, respectively.[80] The cost of living in Sarnia, however, is significantly lower than it is in Ontario as a whole. The median value of a dwelling, for instance, is $200,387, compared to the $400,496 of Ontario as a whole.
The Sarnia-Lambton Workforce Development Board states in its March 2011 Labour Market Report that: "Even though employment in both the petrochemical and agricultural industries has declined significantly in recent years, these two industries remain central drivers of the Sarnia Lambton economy."[81]
When World War II threatened tropical sources of natural latex for rubber, Sarnia was selected as the site to spearhead development of synthetic petroleum-based rubbers for war materials, and Polymer Corporation was built by Dow Chemical at the request of the Government of Canada.[82] Large pipelines bring Alberta oil to Sarnia, where oil refining and petrochemical production have become mainstays of the city's economy.[83] Shell Canada, Imperial Oil, and Suncor Energy (Sunoco) operate refineries in Sarnia.[84] Large salt beds found under the city became a source of chlorine and other significant ingredients which contributed to the success of Chemical Valley.[85] Chemical companies operating in Sarnia include NOVA Chemicals, Bayer (Lanxess and H.C. Starck), Cabot Corporation, and Ethyl Corporation.[86]
Dow ceased operations at its Sarnia site in 2009 and returned in 2019 buying out Dupont's local production. The original Dow plant was decommissioned, and the land has been sold to neighbouring TransAlta Energy Corporation.[87] TransAlta produces power and steam for industry, and is the largest natural gas co-generation plant in Canada. It has created the Bluewater Energy Park on the former Dow site. Lanxess produces more than 150,000 tonnes (170,000 short tons; 150,000 long tons) of butyl rubber annually at its Sarnia location, and is the sole producer of regulatory-approved, food-grade butyl rubber, used in the manufacture of chewing gum.[88] Within the boundaries of its Sarnia plant Lanxess has also created the Bio-industrial Park Sarnia.[89]
Chemical Valley and the surrounding area are home to 62 facilities and refineries.[90] These industrial complexes are the heart of Sarnia's infrastructure and economy. They directly employ nearly 8,000, and contribute to almost 45,000 additional jobs in the area.[91] In 1971, the Canadian government deemed this area so important to the economic development of the country that it printed an image of a Sarnia Oil Refinery on the reverse of the Canadian $10 note.[92] The huge industrial area is the cause of significant air and water pollution. The Canada Wide Daily Standard for airborne particulate matter and ozone pollution, regulation PM2.5, is 30 micrograms per cubic metre.[93] Forty-five percent of this particulate air pollution in Sarnia comes from Chemical Valley,[94][95][96] and the rest drifts over the St. Clair River from the neighbouring United States in the form of what is known as "Transboundary Air Pollution."[97]
Sarnia is the location of Enbridge's Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant. The facility went into full commercial operation in December 2009, with 20 MW of power. As of September 2010, the plant was the largest photovoltaic (PV) solar power generation facility in the world, putting out 97 MW.[98]
The 80-acre Western University Research Park, Sarnia-Lambton Campus was established in 2003 by the University of Western Ontario as a joint initiative with the County of Lambton and the City of Sarni
Escorts | Kijiji in Ontario. - Buy, Sell & Save with Canada's #1 Local...
Sarnia - Wikipedia
Escorte din România | www.roescort.com
Онтарио, Канада: Вся информация о провинции | Наш Ванкувер
Онлайн знакомства г. Сарния . Знакомства с мужчинами и женщинами Сарния...
Meet Pornstar
Escort Girls Cape Town
Escort Services In Philippines
Sarnia Ontario Escorts
