Сальвинорин а

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Salvia divinorum (шалфей предсказателей)

Сальвинорин а

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Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum , a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens such as DMT , psilocybin , and mescaline because it contains no nitrogen atoms; hence, it is not an alkaloid and cannot be rendered as a salt , but rather is a terpenoid. Salvinorin A can produce psychoactive experiences in humans with a typical duration of action being several minutes to an hour or so, depending on the method of ingestion. Salvinorin A is found with several other structurally related salvinorins. Salvinorin is a trans - neoclerodane diterpenoid. It acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist and is the first known compound acting on this receptor that is not an alkaloid. They used a combination of spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography to determine the chemical structure of the compound, which was shown to have a bicyclic diterpene structure. Salvinorin A is a trans -neoclerodane diterpenoid with the chemical formula C 23 H 28 O 8. Salvinorin A has only been administered to humans in a few studies, one showing that its effects peaked at about 2 minutes, that its subjective effects may overlap with those of serotonergic psychedelics , and that it temporarily impairs recall and recognition memory. Salvinorin A is capable of inhibiting excess intestinal motility e. Analytical measurements may be performed using gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It 'is biosynthesized via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulosephosphate pathway ,' rather than the classic mevalonate pathway , consistent with the common plastidial localization of diterpenoid metabolism. The NMR and MS study by Zjawiony suggested that the biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulosephosphate pathway. In the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway, D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate, the intermediates of the glycolysis, are converted into 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate via decarboxylation. Bicyclization of GGPP by the class II diterpene synthase, ent -clerodienyl diphosphate synthase SdCPS2 , produces an Iabdanyl diphosphate carbocation, which is subsequently rearranged through a sequence of 1,2-hydride and methyl shifts to form the ent -clerodienyl diphosphate intermediate. A series of oxygenation, acylation and methylation reactions is then required to complete the biosynthesis of salvinorin A. Salvinorin A is one of several structurally related salvinorins found in the Salvia divinorum plant. Salvinorin A seems to be the only naturally occurring salvinorin that is psychoactive. Research has produced a number of semi-synthetic compounds. Most derivatives are selective kappa opioid agonists as with salvinorin A, although some are even more potent, with the most potent compound 2-ethoxymethyl salvinorin B being ten times stronger than salvinorin A. Some derivatives, such as herkinorin , reduce kappa opioid action and instead act as mu opioid agonists. Salvinorin A is sometimes regulated together with its host, Salvia divinorum , due to its psychoactive and analgesic effects. Salvinorin A is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States. There is an exception however for 'any drug product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration which contains Salvinorin A or its isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, if the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Main article: Salvinorin. See also: Legal status of Salvia divinorum. R; Kreek, M. J Frontiers in Pharmacology. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 : —8. University of Michigan. Journal of Organic Chemistry. Organic Letters. Life Sciences. Journal of Natural Products. Mott 2 December Translational Perioperative and Pain Medicine. M; Ewald, A. W; Prisinzano, T. E Salvinorin a analogs and other kappa opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse. Advances in Pharmacology. Phytotherapy Research. This compound is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen thus far isolated. Archived from the original PDF on October 7, Retrieved Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Dwoskin 29 January Elsevier Science. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. Retrieved 4 September Salvinorin A is unstable in basic solutions and is soluble in conventional organic solvents, including acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol, but is essentially insoluble in hexane and water. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. Bibcode : RCMS Salvinorin A was not detected in urine samples collected from 1. The Plant Journal. Annals of Botany. Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Baselt, Randall C. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 8th ed. Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine. Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan. Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin A Also indirect D 2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors cocaine , methylphenidate , releasing agents amphetamine , methamphetamine , and precursors levodopa. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine. Dopamine receptor modulators. Opioid receptor modulators. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.