Rybnik buy cocaine

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Rybnik buy cocaine

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. By the late nineteenth century ether drinking i. Although precise figures for consumption are lacking, the sources available provide evidence of a remarkable scale. However, as far as I am aware, ether consumption raised some interest among historians mostly as a local phenomenon in Northern Ireland. In the s ether became the most popular illicit drug in Poland—on some parts of the border customs officers seized more smuggled ether than alcohol. It is quite difficult to reconstruct the pattern of ether consumption in Silesia as no official statistics were kept. Ether drinkers came from the lower social strata and rarely left any written evidence. Because it was illegal after , consumers obviously tended to conceal their habit. Any gaps are filled by correspondence of the Silesian clergy held at the Archive of the Arch-diocese in Katowice , reports of the border police and court records held at the State Archives in Katowice, Warsaw and Cracow , as well as newspaper coverage—all from the interwar period. The most valuable information comes from three local studies carried out in the s. Although the original records on which these studies are based no longer exist, the results were published in the Polish medical press, and they shed some light on the scale of ether drinking. In Kazimierz Hrabin surveyed 3, pupils living in the district of Pszczyna in Green western Silesia. Of that number, he identified 25 per cent with some ether experience, most of whom came from small villages. In the community of Bojszowy Nowe it reached a record According to his research, no less than 30 per cent of the population were ether drinkers, and in some villages up to 90 per cent. They undertook the study after deaf pupils had by chance been noticed communicating in sign language about the benefits of ether drinking. In order to conceal the real aim of the investigation, researchers asked the children to identify the smell and taste of different liquids. According to their findings more than The scale of consumption is revealed also by police data on smuggling. In , Polish border guards confiscated kg of ether. The following year the seized contraband came to 1, kg, reaching 1, kg in Before the outbreak of the Second World War these amounts decreased, but they remained at more than kg per year, while the amount of seized contraband of all other drugs did not exceed 6 kg. It came from Germany, where wholesalers supplied Polish smugglers, who later trafficked the drug to Silesia either directly or through Czechoslovakia. According to reports of the Polish border police, German wholesalers could sell as much as 1, kg per month. Ether was an important competitor to alcoholic drinks even before the First World War. Silesian miners and peasants began to use the drug, known there as kropka or anodyna , in the late nineteenth century. According to later accounts, it was brought back by migrant workers from western parts of the German Empire. After the provision of spirits in the future Polish territories rapidly deteriorated. During the war the Russian government introduced a prohibition. At the same time Germany and Austria-Hungary raised their taxes—the German tax on spirits rose spectacularly from 1. Under these circumstances, the consumption of ether as a substitute for spirits flourished. With independence, interwar Poland initially inherited the alcohol policies of the former authorities; an excise-based system survived in former German and Austrian regions, while the government established a state trade monopoly in central and eastern parts of the country. Recent estimates for the period after suggest that Polish distilleries produced only a fraction of the spirits they sold before the war. After a short-lived experiment with free trade, in the goverment extended the state monopoly in spirits to all parts of the country. Grabski sought to balance the Polish budget and stabilize the currency by increasing state revenues through an extension of monopolies. During the following years alcohol-related income constituted a growing part of the Polish budget, exceeding 10 per cent of total domestic revenue. By Polish vodka drinkers had to pay approximately 30 per cent more than their German or Czech counterparts. The economic depression of the s contributed to this trend. Although the Polish economy experienced deflation and a fall in real wages, the state alcohol monopoly did not adapt its prices to the changing market. Between and the price of spirits rose from This hit particularly hard the rural population, whose cash incomes dropped by 60 per cent as a result of the fall in food prices. As the burden of taxation grew, per capita alcohol consumption declined. Between and government sales of alcoholic drinks decreased by Many consumers turned to illegal options. Demand was seemingly met by the bootleg industry, the production of denaturated alcohol, 34 smugglers, and—to a lesser degree—ether producers. Silesian prohibitionists considered ether drinking a plague second only to the illegal production of spirits. As already noted, until the legal status of ether was not clear. Even during the s people accused of illegally trading in the drug defended themselves by claiming that they were unaware that it was illegal. He did not realize that he had commited a crime, because in his neighbourhood ether was being sold openly. The levels of ether consumption varied greatly across the social classes. Peasants and miners constituted a clear majority of consumers, with very few among the upper social levels. According to church records, poor ether drinkers attributed this to their economic situation, claiming that they could not afford legal spirits. Attempts to conceal ether use seemed to be restricted only to contacts with the upper and middle classes. Peasants consumed ether drinks at christening parties, weddings and funerals. A girl who does not drink ether is not popular. Since ether intoxication disappears as rapidly as it sets in, consumers could easily mix periods of drunkenness with participation in the normal life of local communities. As a result, the mawkish fumes of the drug could be smelled in the streets and at places of work. To a Silesian peasant the pleasure experienced under the influence of ether proved far more powerful than the disapproval of rarely met representatives of the medical profession. After a public meeting he was offered a small glass of what he believed was local vodka—in fact it was ether. To the delight of the gathered Silesians, after a single sip he could no longer walk. The fact that the drug was a good substitute for the traditional Silesian psychoactive substance, vodka, explains its appeal. It is no wonder that the social context of the consumption of ether resembled that of alcohol. Ether was mixed with other drinks, including coffee, milk, wine or juices. Pupils identified as consumers usually came from ether-drinking families. As with adults, the drug served a double role—as pain-killer and intoxicant. Although most of the children questioned were socially isolated from their peers, more than half had some ether-drinking experience. Their answers indicated that they had first become acquainted with the drug in the family circle. Currently her father had ceased to drink vodka and the whole family had turned to ether. She is glad about that, because she considers ether drinking perfectly normal. While doctors, church authorities and other guardians of the prevailing discourse viewed kropka drinking as a social evil, they faced resistance from rural consumers for whom ether prohibition was a question of vested interests. In three cases I have been called to dead ether drinkers. The bodies were already cold. They had to ventilate the rooms. Until the s ether consumption remained of marginal concern to the general public. The upper classes of Polish society seemed to be unaware of the widespread popularity of the drug among Silesian peasants. In the most complete bibliography of Polish medical literature in the interwar period 67 not a single article on ether consumption was listed between and Eugenicists, journalists and doctors produced a number of articles uncovering the alleged devastating effects of ether consumption in Silesia. Ether became a new addition to the causes of depravity, endangering the ethical and biological prosperity of the nation. Unsurprisingly, the drug became associated with promiscuity and homosexuality. Silesian ether drinking lasted for a few decades, reaching its climax during the Great Depression of s. It declined after the Second World War, 73 but it was neither the moralistic discourse nor state- or church-led anti-drug campaigns that could take the credit for eradicating this social scourge. This should be attributed rather to the socio-economic and geopolitical changes that restructured the life of the Silesian population after Post-war Green Silesia shared no border with Germany—so the smugglers could no longer operate. The change was even further strengthened by the tightening of border controls within the Stalinist Eastern Bloc, which rendered drug smuggling from Czechoslovakia practically impossible. Privately owned chemical factories, typical providers of the illicit drug in the s, ceased to exist and with their disappearance the Silesian ether drinking culture could not survive. The subject of ether consumption as such is also marginally present in a number of global drug histories, e. In the Polish parliament passed an act prohibiting unauthorized production, trade and possession of some psychoactive substances. The same act prohibited the sale of ether for the purpose of consumption. In it was officially declared a poison. In effect, all provisions applied to other drugs, including the penalization of possession, were extended to ether. Alkoholizm 2. Firstenberg, op. Wiendlocha, op. In Austria-Hungary ether could be obtained without a prescription. S I Witkiewicz, Narkotyki. Connell offers a similar explanation in his chapter on ether drinking in Northern Ireland, op. Kurier Poranny , 18 Dec. Cyran, op. See also Czaty , 20 Mar. This may be part of the reason why some priests persistently denied that ether was consumed in their parishes, contrary to data obtained by researchers and the border police. For example, in the parish of Bijasowice where—according to Hrabin's research—more than 34 per cent of pupils were familiar with ether, the local priest claimed that the problem did not exist. In the village of Wola, with 40 per cent of ether consumers among the pupils, the priest knew of only one family who drank ether occasionally. Gazeta Polska , 18 Oct. Oral history sources mention ether consumption during the Warsaw Rising referred to as a Silesian custom and among the prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Med Hist. Copy Download.