Russian Germans

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Germans
Russia: 394 000 (2010)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: 842 000 (1989)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 2 039 000 (1989)
The term Russia Germans (in German, Russlanddeutsche, Lit. "Germans of Russia"; in Russian, российские немцы or русские немцы; in Spanish, alemanes de Rusia, in Italian, tedeschi di Russia) means "Germans of Russia," that is to say, Germans and/or their native descendants living in Russia or in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, not to be confused with the total number of Ge…
The term Russia Germans (in German, Russlanddeutsche, Lit. "Germans of Russia"; in Russian, российские немцы or русские немцы; in Spanish, alemanes de Rusia, in Italian, tedeschi di Russia) means "Germans of Russia," that is to say, Germans and/or their native descendants living in Russia or in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, not to be confused with the total number of Germans in Russia. A majority of Russia Germans, including many mixed Russian-German families, have immigrated to German-speaking countries, especially Germany. The term Russlanddeutsche is often mistranslated as "Russian-Germans."
Russia German resettlers in Germany
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_from_Russia
The decline of the Russian German community started with the reforms of Alexander II. In 1871, he repealed the open-door immigration policy of his ancestors, effectively ending any new German immigration into the Empire. Although the German colonies continued to expand, they were driven by natural growth and by the immigration of Germans from Poland.
The decline of the Russian German community started with the reforms of Alexander II. In 1871, he repealed the open-door immigration policy of his ancestors, effectively ending any new German immigration into the Empire. Although the German colonies continued to expand, they were driven by natural growth and by the immigration of Germans from Poland.

The Russian nationalism that took root under Alexander II served as a justification for eliminating in 1871 the bulk of the tax privileges enjoyed by Russian Germans, and after 1874 they were subjected to military service. Only after long negotiations, Mennonites, traditionally a pacifist denomination, were allowed to serve alternative service in the form of work in forestry and the medical corps. The resulting disaffection motivated many Russian Germans, especially members of traditionally dissenting churches, to migrate to the United States and Canada, while many Catholics chose Brazil and Argentina. They moved primarily to the American Great Plains and western Canada, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado; to Canada Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and Alberta; to Brazil, especially Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul; and to Argentina, especially South of Buenos Aires Province, Entre Ríos Province and La Pampa Province. North Dakota and South Dakota attracted primarily Odessa (Black Sea area) Germans from Russia while Nebraska and Kansas attracted mainly Volga Germans from Russia. The majority of Volhynia Germans chose Canada as their destination with significant numbers later migrating to the United States. Smaller settlement pockets also occurred in other regions such as Volga and Volhynian Germans in southwestern Michigan, Volhynian Germans in Wisconsin, and Congress Poland and Volhynian Germans in Connecticut.

After 1881, Russian Germans were required to study Russian in school and lost all their remaining special privileges. Many Germans remained in Russia, particularly those who had done well as Russia began to industrialise in the late 19th century. Russian Germans were disproportionately represented among Russia's engineers, technical tradesmen, industrialists, financiers and large land owners.

World War I was the first time Russia went to war against Germany since the Napoleonic era, and Russian Germans were quickly suspected of having enemy sympathies. The Germans living in the Volhynia area were deported to the German colonies in the lower Volga river in 1915 when Russia started losing the war. Many Russian Germans were exiled to Siberia by the Tsar's government as enemies of the state - generally without trial or evidence. In 1916, an order was issued to deport the Volga Germans to the east as well, but the Russian Revolution prevented this from being carried out.

The loyalties of Russian Germans during the revolution varied. While many supported the royalist forces and joined the White Army, others were committed to Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government, to the Bolsheviks, and even to smaller forces like Nestor Makhno's. Russian Germans - including Mennonites and Evangelicals - fought on all sides in the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Although some Russian Germans were very wealthy, others were quite poor and sympathised strongly with their Slavic neighbours. Educated Russian Germans were just as likely to have leftist and revolutionary sympathies as the ethnically Russian intelligentsia.

In the chaos of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed it, many ethnic Germans were displaced within Russia or emigrated from Russia altogether. The chaos surrounding the Russian Civil War was devastating to many German communities, particularly to religious dissenters like the Mennonites. Many Mennonites hold the forces of Nestor Makhno in Ukraine particularly responsible for large-scale violence against their community.

This period was also one of regular food shortages, caused by famine and the lack of long-distance transportation of food during the fighting. Coupled with the typhus epidemic and famine of the early 1920s, as many as a third of Russia's Germans may have perished. Russian German organisations in the Americas, particularly the Mennonite Central Committee, organised famine relief in Russia in the late 1920s. As the chaos faded and the Soviet Union's position became more secure, many Russian Germans simply took advantage of the end of the fighting to emigrate to the Americas. Emigration from the Soviet Union came to a halt in 1929 by Stalin's decree, leaving roughly one million Russian Germans within Soviet borders.

The Soviet Union seized the farms and businesses of Russian Germans, along with all other farms and businesses, when Stalin ended Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy in 1929 and began the forced collectivization of agriculture and liquidation of large land holdings.

Nonetheless, Soviet nationalities policy had, to some degree, restored the institutions of Russian Germans in some areas. In July 1924, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was founded, giving the Volga Germans some autonomous German language institutions. The Lutheran church, like nearly all religious affiliations in Russia, was ruthlessly suppressed under Stalin. But, for the 600,000-odd Germans living in the Volga German ASSR, German was the language of local officials for the first time since 1881.

As a result of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Stalin decided to deport the German Russians to internal exile and forced labor in Siberia and Central Asia. It is evident that, at this point, the regime considered national minorities with ethnic ties to foreign states, such as Germans, potential fifth columnists. On August 12, 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party decreed the expulsion of the Volga Germans, allegedly for treasonous activity, from their autonomous republic on the lower Volga. On September 7, 1941, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and about 438,000 Volga Germans were deported. In subsequent months, an additional 400,000 ethnic Germans were deported to Siberia from their other traditional settlements such as Ukraine and the Crimea.

The Soviets were not successful in expelling all German settlers living in the Western and Southern Ukraine, however, due to the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht (German Army). The secret police, the NKVD, was able to deport only 35% of the ethnic Germans from Ukraine. Thus in 1943, the Nazi German census registered 313,000 ethnic Germans living in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. With the Soviet re-conquest, the Wehrmacht evacuated about 300,000 German Russians and brought them back to the Reich. Because of the provisions of the Yalta Agreement, all former Soviet citizens living in Germany at war's end had to be repatriated, most by force. More than 200,000 German Russians were deported, against their will, by the Allies and sent to the Gulag . Thus, shortly after the end of the war, more than one million ethnic Germans from Russia were in special settlements and labor camps in Siberia and Central Asia. It is estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 died of starvation, lack of shelter, over-work, and disease during the 1940s.

On November 26, 1948, Stalin made the banishment permanent, declaring that Russia's Germans were permanently forbidden from returning to Europe, but this was rescinded after his death in 1953. Many Russian Germans returned to European Russia, but quite a few remained in Soviet Asia.

Although the post-Stalin Soviet state no longer persecuted ethnic Germans as a group, their Soviet republic was not re-founded. Many Germans in Russia largely assimilated and integrated into Russian society. There were some 2 million ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union in 1989. Soviet Union census revealed in 1989 that 49% of the German minority named German their mother tongue. According to the 1989 Soviet census, 957,518 citizens of German origin, or 6% of total population, lived in Kazakhstan, and 841,295 Germans lived in Russia including Siberia.

Perestroika opened the Soviet borders and witnessed the beginnings of a massive emigration of Germans from the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, large numbers of Russian Germans took advantage of Germany's liberal law of return to leave the harsh conditions of the Soviet successor states. The German population of Kyrgyzstan has practically disappeared, and Kazakhstan has lost well over half of its roughly one million Germans. The drop in the Russian Federation's German population was smaller, but still significant. A very few Germans returned to one of their ancestral provinces: about 6,000 settled in Kaliningrad Oblast (former East Prussia).
Germans in Imperial Russia (partitioned Poland and Caucasus)
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World War 2: The Killing Ground (Russian German War)
Germans from Russia: Wolgaheimat Legacy
Russian Germans seek new start in Crimea
People and Politics | Russia's ethnic Germans - Why they stayed at home.
World War 2: The Tide Turns (Russian German War)
library.ndsu.edu/grhc/research-history/history-germans-russia
Перевести · Brief History of Germans from Russia. The story of the Germans from Russia had its beginning in 1763 while Catherine II, a former German princess of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia. The Czarina found herself in possession of large tracts of virgin land along the lower course of the Volga River in Russia.
https://www.russlanddeutsche.de/en/russian-germans/history/the-history-of-russian...
Перевести · The largest group of Germans in Russia were the descendants of Colonists who came to Russia due to Katharina's settlement policy. According to a census in 1897 more than a million German colonists lived in Russia…
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Germany
Overview
Soviet and post-Soviet emigration from Russia
Ethnic background
Integration into German society
There is a significant Russian population in Germany. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered mass immigration to the West, with Germany being the top destination, mostly for economic and ethnic reasons. Russians are the 3rd largest migrant group in Germany.
Who were the largest Germans in Russia?
Who were the largest Germans in Russia?
The largest group of Germans in Russia were the descendants of Colonists who came to Russia due to Katharina's settlement policy.
www.russlanddeutsche.de/en/russian-germ…
What was the history of Germans from Russia?
What was the history of Germans from Russia?
Below are some key dates and events in the history of Germans from Russia: 1762 Catherine the Great issues first manifesto inviting foreigners to settle in Russia. No response. 1763 Catherine the Great issues second manifesto inviting foreigners to settle in Russia.
www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Germans_fro…
Are there any descendants of Germans from Russia?
Are there any descendants of Germans from Russia?
Approximately one million descendants of Germans from Russia live in the United States. Modern descendants in Canada and the United States refer to their heritage as Germans from Russia, Russian Germans, Volgadeutsch or Black Sea Germans.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_from_Russia
When did the Germans come to Canada from Russia?
When did the Germans come to Canada from Russia?
Canada continues to receive German immigrants from Russia. 1920-1923 Famine in Russia. Over l50 thousand Volga Germans die of starvation. 1928-1940 German farms and property are confiscated by the state and Germans are forced onto collective farms. 1939-1945 The Second World War. Germany is at war with the Soviet Union.
www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Germans_fro…
https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Germans_from_Russia_History
Timeline
Local Histories
Other Sources
Calendar Changes
As Imperial Russia expanded, a great need developed for capable and industrious workers, especially farmers, to settle these new and often unsafe lands. Many Germans, eager to improve their positions in life, began to colonize in Russia. As their colonies grew, the Germans developed more land and established "daughter colonies." Many of these Russian Germans later emigrated …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Germans_in_North_America
Overview
Areas of immigration
United States: Volga Germans
Canada
Language
Large numbers of ethnic Germans from Russia have emigrated to North America. Migration to Canada or the United States by Russian Germans peaked in the late 19th century. The upper Great Plains of the United States and southern Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada have large areas populated primarily by descendants of Germans from Russia. Their mot…
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Germans
Перевести · The Volga Germans (German: Wolgadeutsche or Russlanddeutsche (a more generic term for all Russian Germans), Russian: …
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Before a unified Germany existed, many Germans were demoralized by years of religious strife, political chaos, and economic hardship. In 1763, they received an enticing offer from the Russian Czarina Catherine the Great, a former German princess. She promised colonists autonomy and free farmland in Russia should they choose to emigrate. Catherine believed these highly skilled farmers and tradesmen would promote progress leading to a more modern Russia. Many accepted her offer and colonized the Volga region first, to be known as the Volga Germans. In 1803, Alexander I issued another invitation for Germans to colonize southern Ukraine (the Black Sea Germans). Additionally, more emigrated from Württemberg and Prussia around 1812 and became the Bessarabian Germans.
Following defeat in the Crimean War, Russia realized that their outdated system of government had to be changed into something resembling a modern state. This first led to freeing the serfs in 1861 and later to the "great reforms" in 1864 that reorganized and democratized local government and reformed the court system. The privileges previously enjoyed by the German colonists had allowed them to run their own affairs, but Russian officials now regarded them as inconsistent with the reforms. In addition, they appeared unfair to the freed Russian serfs who now competed with the colonists as equal subjects. Thus, in 1871, their privileges were revoked in the hope that Germans would now participate directly in Russian public affairs. In 1874, Russia instituted universal military service, which included German colonists. A few years later, Russification efforts under Alexander III made inroads into the colonists' schools and discouraged using the German language.
Treasuring their own identity and culture and seeking better opportunities elsewhere, many German-Russians decided to leave. Beginning in the 1870s, those immigrating to North America settled throughout the Great Plains from Saskatchewan to Texas. Many other German-Russians immigrated to South America, especially to Argentina and Brazil. Wherever they settled world-wide, the German-Russians preserved their distinct identity, rich culture, and heritage across borders and generations.
For a more detailed history, see below for an excerpt taken from the book, Researching the Germans from Russia, compiled by Michael M. Miller, published by the Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 1987, pages xvii-xix.
The story of the Germans from Russia had its beginning in 1763 while Catherine II, a former German princess of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia. The Czarina found herself in possession of large tracts of virgin land along the lower course of the Volga River in Russia. Catherine was determined to turn this region into productive, agricultural land as well as to populate the area as a protective barrier against the nomadic Asiatic tribes who inhabited the region.
Then on July 22, 1763, Catherine issued a manifesto inviting foreigners to settle in Russia, in the vast uncultivated lands of her domain. As an inducement to encourage emigration to Russia, the manifesto offered the following rights and privileges to incoming foreign settlers:
These rights and privileges offered a chance for a better life and many thousands of people emigrated to Russia from the Germanic states and principalities of Central Europe. The reasons that so many Germanic people took up this Russian offer were many. The Seven Years' War had just ended in 1763. Whole regions in Germany lay devastated and poverty was widespread. Many Germans emigrated at this time to other lands, including the New World, in order to make a new start in life.
The first German-speaking colonists who responded to Catherine's manifesto were directed to lands along the Volga River in the years 1764 to 1767. Later, as Russia acquired the Ukrainian lands north of the Black Sea from Turkey, colonists were invited to settle in those areas. Similarly, when th
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