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The leaders of those criminal groups, who were responsible for the deaths of many innocent people in Iran, were
Лидеры этих преступных групп, ответственные за гибель в Иране многих
Among those who were denied visas there is the general secretary of Swedish
Не получили белорусские визы в ноябре Генеральный
и представители делегации Европейского
From March 2007 to March 2009 a committee
of the Federal Council (generally the Minister Presidents of the states) and (without the right to vote) four representatives of the various Landtags and three representatives of the public authorities worked toward the modernisation of the financial relationships between the federal government and the individual states (the so-called “Federalism Reform II”).
бундесрата (в основном премьер-министры федеральных земель), а так же (без права голоса) четыре представителя ландтагов и три представителя общин работала над модернизацией финансовых отношений между государством и федеральными землями (так называемая »реформа федерализма II«).
During the plenary session of the NATO PA, held on
General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer on NATO’s regional approach to the Caucasus and on the ostensibly Kosovo-based reasons for Azerbaijan’s withdrawal from KFOR just as Armenia was doubling its peacekeeping commitment to it.
Ованнисян направил вопросы Генеральному
Секретарю НАТО Яаапу де Хупу Шефферу о региональном подходe НАТО к Кавказу и, по-видимому, Косовской причине выхода Азербайджана из сил КФОР в то время, как Армения удваивает свой миротворческий вклад в КФОР.
At the other end of the spectrum, it
capacity and power, are the focus of those nations’political lives.
внушительным возможностям и власти, сосредоточены на политической жизни своих народов.
From 1997 to 2010, Mr. Eggelmeyer was security policy
С 1997 по 2010 гг. г-н Эггельмейер работал советником по политике безопасности
Gernot Erler and Franz Tenes sent an open
letter to the former presidential candidate, leader of the unregistered Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Narodnaya Hramada), Nikolai Statkevich, who is serving a sentence in prison in Mahiliou.
Эрлер и Франц Тенес обратились с открытым
письмом к экс-кандидату в президенты Беларуси, лидеру незарегистрированной Белорусской социал-демократической партии (Народная Грамада) Николаю Статкевичу, который отбывает наказание в Могилевской тюрьме.
Mr. Benterbusch also held various positions within the German political administration; among others, he functioned as European Advisor on Economic and Financial
Chancellery, responsible for bilateral economic relations including energy, WTO, OECD and the G8 (2002-2006).
Г-н Бентербуш занимал различные должности в политической администрации Германии, в том числе работал в
качестве советника по экономическим
(Бундестага) от Социал-демократической
партии (1997-2002 гг.), был начальником отдела Ведомства федерального канцлера Германии, ответственным за двусторонние экономические отношения, включая энергетику, ВТО, ОЭСР и G8 (2002-2006 гг.).
debate and explore policy options and needs.
дебатов по этой проблеме, а также для анализа политических альтернатив и потребностей.
As a member of the Public Accounts and
degree of knowledge about investigation and ethics issues, handling sensitive matters related to irregular funding of political parties, fraud and corruption.
достиг высокого уровня экспертных знаний в сфере расследований и этики, участвуя в рассмотрении сложных вопросов, касающихся незаконного финансирования политических партий, мошенничестве и коррупции.
make the necessary arrangements to host the Christians from Syria”?
Landtag, which is the territorial parliament in Hessen.
Steinmeier, leader of the opposition in the Bundestag.
This was the result of a survey by the Berlin public opinion research institute forsa in which 283 representatives from politics and industry were asked for
survey was conducted by forsa between
September and November 2010 using interview guidelines and computer-assisted telephone interviews.
В ходе мероприятия, которое состоялось в период с сентября по ноябрь 2010
интервью при помощи автоматизированной техники.
Alternatively, participation of the bank clients is being discussed, particularly a sizeable part of deposits from Russian black money and political
resistance to “EU aid for Russian tax fugitives” would presumably be
Кроме того, обсуждению подвергается участие банковских клиентов, тем более что немалую часть депозитов составляют российские средства от теневых сделок и, вероятно, политические
выступления против «помощи ЕС российским уклонителям от налогов» будут
He made it very clear, however, that he wishes to find a compromise that everyone can live with so that it will
not be necessary to set up a mediation committee between
надеется найти компромиссное решение, которое поможет обойтись
This also applies not least considering that essential additional steps of a
political reform of the Eurozone are not expected
Году не следует ожидать важных допол. шагов для
In other cases, the Ministry of Finance or Administration is responsible, whereas in Sweden, a special council of judges appointed by Parliament manage the provision of public funding.15 In Germany, calculating the funds to be distributed to each political
to political parties and/or candidates are clear, the administration of such a system should place few demands on the administering institution.
В иных случаях такие вопросы решает Министерство финансов или Администрация президента. В Швеции Парламент назначает особый совет судей, которые контролируют распределение
государственных средств.15 В Германии данным
государственных средств политическим партиям и/или кан дидатам четко сформулированы, управляющий орган системы обязан выставить некоторые требования к административному органу.
or Federal Parliament) and most Land parliaments works like this: each voter has
two votes, a first vote and a second vote.
земель организованы следующим образом: Каждый избиратель имеет два голоса,
2009, as a result of the spent interrogations it has been revealed
that 20 percent voted preferred to scoop the information from the Internet, rather than to give in to media to pressure by means of TV and newspapers.
2009, в результате проведенных опросов было выявлено, что 20 процентов
проголосовавших предпочитали черпать информацию из Интернета, нежели поддаваться медиа давлению посредством телевидения и газет.
At the meeting the issue of including the Armenian graduates of the higher educational institutions within the framework of
to the issues of the development of cooperation in more detailed way.
В ходе встречи обсуждался также вопрос вовлечения
выпускников армянских вузов в рамки
в последующих встречах более детально обратиться к вопросам развития сотрудничества.
Norman Foster is the architect who has built Millennium Bridge in London and
skyscraper in Europe; he also has rebuilt Wembley Stadium in London, and has raised a famous tower for the Hearst Corporation in New York.
построивший Millennium Bridge в Лондоне и
во Франкфурте-на-Майне – самого высокого небоскреба в Европе, перестроивший стадион Wembley в Лондоне и воздвигнувший знаменитую башню для корпорации Hearst в Нью-Йорке.
We all know especially in terms of future technologies that our ability to set the decisive
standards will determine our economic success,"
parliament, referring to EU-U.S. talks due
to start by June with the ambitious aim of getting a trade pact by the end of 2014.
Мы все знаем, особенно в отношении технологий будущего, что наша способность определять новейшие стандарты предопределит будущее наших
экономических успехов», — сказала, в
переговоры между ЕС и США, которые запланированы на июнь этого года и где будет решаться амбициозный вопрос подписания этого торгового соглашения в конце 2014 года.
The IPU Committee on United Nations Affairs replicates at the global level the practice
matters relating to the United Nations.
Комитет МПС по делам Организации Объединенных Наций повторяет на глобальном уровне
для рассмотрения вопросов, касающихся Организации Объединенных Наций.
Mrs Viktorin also highlighted the visit of the NA delegation to FRG, where the NA deputies
would be able to get acquainted not only
also be acquainted with the federal management
system of the country having the example of Brandenburg Land.
Г-жа Викторин также подчеркнула важность визита делегации НС в ФРГ, где
делегаты НС будут иметь возможность
но и на примере земли Бранденбург постичь
систему федерального управления страной.
the Interpol leadership invited Interior Minister of Belarus
Anatoli Kuleshov to Lyon in January 2012 in spite of the current visa sanctions by the EU.
Интерпола несмотря на действующие визовые санкции
со стороны Евросоюза в январе 2012 года пригласило в Лион главу МВД Беларуси Анатолия Кулешова.
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Among the newly elected members of the German Bundestag who have a so-called migration background (i.e. they or at least one of their parents are not German citizens by birth) are two Russian Germans—ethnic Germans from the Soviet Union and its successor states. Both were born in Kazakhstan and came to Germany in the mid-1990s. Both belong to the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and are the only members of parliament with a Russian German background. This fact was emphasised by the AfD representatives, especially through Russian-language channels, and interpreted to mean that AfD is the only party representing Russian Germans in the parliament.
German mass media discussed the connections between the Russian Germans and the AfD long before the election, in the context of anticipated Russian interference in the German election and politics. In the area of public communication, this threat was anticipated as the manipulation of online discussions and public opinions by Russian trolls or bots, and as the consumption of Russian state media by former Soviet, now German, citizens. Under the influence of Russian TV, which translates nightmare stories about Europe being flooded by foreigners, these alienated citizens, many worried, would vote for the AfD.
The scenario of cyberthreats has barely come to be realised, but the two ethnic German resettlers from the former Soviet Union are now members of the new populist right-wing party in the Bundestag. Has the AfD become the party for Russian Germans? This question is easier to handle if we differentiate between its two aspects: Has this party received an above-average percentage of votes from Russian Germans? And does the party represent them in particular?
Exit polls do not collect data on the backgrounds of voters, so we have only limited opportunities for empirically grounded judgments on the voting behaviour of Russian Germans. An indirect indicator is the extensive voter migration from the Christian Democrats to the AfD. The long-standing preference of ethnic German resettlers (Spätaussiedler) for the Christian Democrats deteriorated during recent years, to the benefit of other parties.
This follows the path of political differentiation pioneered by other migrant groups—especially Turks, who however initially favoured the Social Democrats. According to a 2016 study by the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration, resettlers’ preference for the AfD was almost 5 per cent in 2015, or three times higher than among voters without a migration background. Therefore, it is plausible that a substantial number of former Christian Democrat voters among the resettlers did not deviate from the overall trend and voted for the AfD.
Another, more direct way to get evidence on the voting behaviour of Russian Germans and other post-Soviet migrants is to analyse the results in their segregated residential areas. Such areas developed due to the state policy of allocating place-of-residence to the new resettlers and their individual choices. At regional elections 2016 and 2017, the AfD achieved double-digit (at some points, extremely high) results in several such residential areas, and the federal election confirmed the trend. To take one example from Baden-Württemberg: in the city of Pforzheim, which is considered an AfD stronghold, the party received 25 per cent of the vote, and its candidate (not a resettler) won a direct mandate with the same percentage of votes. In the district of Haidach-Buckenberg, where Russian Germans are the majority, the AfD received about 43 per cent. In the Bundestag election, the party and its direct candidate, a Russian German, won only about 20 per cent (a 37 per cent in Haidach-Buckenberg were watered down by the poorer results from other voting areas in Pforzheim).
However, we should not extrapolate the trends from segregated residential areas to post-Soviet migrants or Russian Germans in general (and a great majority of voters with post-Soviet migration background are resettlers and their family members). It is not clear how big the share of such residentially segregated voters is among all voters with a post-Soviet background. A simple extrapolation would be even less convincing due to the correlation between the residential choices and belonging to a certain sociocultural milieu.
Much symbolism, few Russian German specifics
The second question is whether the AfD represents Russian Germans in a particular way. As a young party, the AfD provides better chances to new party activists, including Russian Germans. To get a good position on the party list at Bundestag elections, an activist has to have become active years ago with the party’s youth organisation. The newcomer party provides better opportunities for lateral entries, but it does not express a particular affinity to Russian Germans.
Both Russian German members of the Bundestag were elected via the AfD party list, in Thuringia and in Lower Saxony. Anton Friesen, an active member of the Young Alternative and a researcher for the AfD in the Thuringia regional parliament, was put on a party list without seeking a direct mandate. In Lower Saxony, Waldemar Herdt sought a direct mandate in the constituency Osnabrück-Land. In this constituency, he and his party received only about 7 per cent of the vote; he entered the Bundestag not due to the support of some local Russian German networks, but rather because of a good position on the party list. Several members of the interest groups of Russian Germans in the AfD who had been active during the electoral campaign did not enter the parliament. The support of the party could not be converted into a promising position on the party lists.
During the latest electoral campaign, the AfD again addressed Russian Germans in the Russian language or through bilingual materials and events; and some printed materials were translated by party activists. This bilingual approach is less a practical need than a symbolic gesture, which pays respect to Russian Germans as a special group. The materials themselves, however, did not focus on the issues specific to the resettlers, such as recalculation of their pensions. The central issues of migration and asylum policy, internal security, and sanctions against Russia were much more present. In the AfD-related discussion groups on the Russian social networking site vk.com, the topics of Islam, asylum, and migrants are much more prominent than those directly related to the situation of Russian Germans.
Relations between Russian German activists, other citizens with this migration background, and party structures are too complex to be reduced to the AfD being the party of or for Russian Germans. Many parties look to gain the support of the Russian Germans, but the AfD claims to have it already.
Tatiana Golova is a research associate at ZOiS. As part of her project “Eastern Europe is here: transnational linkages among East European migrants in Berlin” she analyses AfD-related discussion groups on Russian social networking sites.
Centre for East European and International Studies
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