Russian Bisexual

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^ Louis Crompton

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^ Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016). Encyclopedia of homosexuality. Volume II . Dynes, Wayne R., 1934-. London. ISBN 9781317368113 . OCLC 953858681 .

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^ "Have Female-to-Male Transsexuals Always Existed?", FTM , Indiana University Press, 2016, pp. 3–36, doi : 10.2307/j.ctt2005v5h.8 , ISBN 9780253023346

^ Zimmerman, Bonnie (1999). Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures . UK: Taylor & Francis Inc. p. 279. ISBN 978-0815340553 .

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^ Duberman 1989 , p.350.

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^ Wayne R. Dynes; Stephen Donaldson, eds. (1992). History of Homosexuality in Europe and America . p. 169. ISBN 9780815305507 . Published in 1910, the novel had as two of its principal characters a powerful lesbian banker and a gay "decadent" poet, who appeared in public in garish makeup and jewelry, worn to show his gayness.

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^ Jump up to: a b Dan Healey GLQ 8:3 Homosexual Existence and Existing Socialism New Light on the Repression of Male Homosexuality in Stalin's Russia pp. 349–378 2002

^ The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440

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^ West, Green (31 October 1997). Sociological Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison . p. 224. ISBN 9780306455322 .

^ The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440, see note 23

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^ "Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" Dan Healey , 2001, p.189.

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^ Rustam Alexander, "Sex Education and the Depiction of Homosexuality under Khrushchev," in The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union (2018) [1]

^ The View from No. 13 People's Street. Aline Mosby. 1962

^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Rustam (2018). "Soviet Legal and Criminological Debates on the Decriminalization of Homosexuality (1965–75)" . Slavic Review . 77 (1): 30–52. doi : 10.1017/slr.2018.9 . ISSN 0037-6779 .

^ Alexander, Rustam (1 April 2019). "New Light on the Prosecution of Soviet Homosexuals under Brezhnev". Russian History . 46 (1): 1–28. doi : 10.1163/18763316-04601001 . ISSN 1876-3316 .

^ Duberman 1989 , p.363.

^ Alexander, Rustam (May 2018). Homosexuality in the USSR (1956–82) (PDF) (Thesis). School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - The University of Melbourne . Retrieved 21 March 2021 .

^ Barshay, Jill J. (10 February 1993). "Russia's Gay Men Step Out of Soviet-Era Shadows" . The New York Times .

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^ "Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" Dan Healey , 2001, p.263.

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^ "Russia: Information on whether men have in fact been released from jail subsequent to 27 May 1993 legislation lifting the ban on consensual homosexual relations" . Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 August 1993 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Gays are not Willingly Accepted in the Russian Army" . Pravda . 1 December 2003. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 .

^ Kim Murphy (26 May 2006). "Gay Pride Parade Polarizes Moscow" . Los Angeles Times .

^ "Russian Chief Rabbi Echoes Muslim Leader in Protesting Gay Pride in Moscow" . Moscow News. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006.

^ "Moscow Gay Club Blockades" . GayRussia.ru. 2 May 2006. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 .

^ "Banned Moscow gay rally broken up" . BBC News . 27 May 2007.

^ Putin, Vladimir (1 February 2007). "Transcript of Press Conference with the Russian and Foreign Media" . Kremlin Official Site. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 .

^ Ireland, Doug (17 May 2007). "Moscow Pride Banned Again" . Gay City News . Retrieved 21 May 2009 .

^ McArdle, Helen. "Inside: Eurovision, the campest show on earth. Outside: riot police round up Moscow's gays" . The Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 .

^ "Arrests at Russian gay protests" . BBC News . 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2021 .

^ Levy, Mike (27 May 2007). "Eggs and punches at Russia gay march" . BBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2021 .

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^ Kochetkov, Igor; Kirichenko, Xenia (2008). "The Situation of Lesbians. Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender People in the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Russian LGBT Network . Retrieved 21 March 2021 .

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^ "Russian parliament refuses to make gay propaganda criminal offence" . MosNews . 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 .

^ Walker, Shaun (17 May 2009). "Riot police arrest Tatchell at gay march in Moscow" . The Independent (UK) . Retrieved 17 May 2009 .

^ Blomfield, Adrian (16 May 2009). "Moscow police break up gay rights protest and arrest Peter Tatchell before Eurovision" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2009 .

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^ Andy Harley (15 March 2012). "Judge bans Winter Olympics gay Pride House" . Gay Star News.

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Duberman, Martin R (1989). Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past . Plume. ISBN 978-0452010673 .
Dynes, Wayne R (2016). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1317368120 .
Mielke, Tomas M. (2017). The Russian Homosexual Lexicon: Consensual and Prison Camp Sexuality Among Men . CreateSpace. ISBN 9781544658490 .


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The history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people ( LGBT ) in Russia and its historical antecedents (the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire ) has largely been influenced by the political leanings of its rulers. Medieval Catholic-Protestant Europe had the largest influence on Russian attitude towards homosexuality. Russian LGBT history was influenced by the ambivalent attitude of the Russian Orthodox religiosity regarding sexuality.

Homosexuality has been documented in Russia for centuries. The earliest documented bans on homosexuality date to the early-mid 17th century. Grigory Kotoshikhin recorded during the reign of Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich , who began the process of the Europeanization and modernization of Russia, [1] [ better source needed ] that male homosexuals were put to death and also states that female homosexuals are also put to death by burning. [2] Government attempts at preventing homosexual practices began in the 18th century, with Tsar Peter the Great banning homosexual relations in the armed forces in 1716 as a part of his attempt to modernise the country. [3] In 1832, further laws were enacted criminalising certain sexual acts between two males, [3] but an LGBT subculture developed in Russia during that century.

In 1917, the Russian Revolution saw the overthrow of the Tsarist government and the subsequent foundation of the Russian SFSR , the world's first socialist state , followed by the founding of the Soviet Union after the end of the civil war in 1922. The Bolsheviks rewrote the constitution and "produced two Criminal Codes – in 1922 and 1926 – and an article prohibiting gay sex was left off both." [4] The new Communist Party government eradicated the old laws regarding sexual relations, effectively legalising homosexual and transgender activity within Russia, although it remained illegal in other former territories of the Russian Empire. Yet gay people were still persecuted and sacked from their jobs for being 'homosexuals'. [4]

In 1933, the Soviet government under the leadership of Joseph Stalin recriminalised homosexual activity with punishments of up to five years' hard labour. [3] A 1934 article in the new Criminal Code outlawed 'homosexuality'. [4] Following Stalin's death, there was a liberalisation of attitudes toward sexual issues in the Soviet Union, but homosexual acts remained illegal.

The Austrian royal councilor Sigismund von Herberstein described in his report Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii ( Notes on Muscovite Affairs ) his observations during his travels in Moscow in 1517 and 1526. He stated that homosexuality was prevalent among all social classes. [5] [6] The English poet George Turberville who visited Moscow in 1568 when Ivan IV ruled Russia during a bloody phase, was not shocked by the carnage, but about the open homosexuality of the Russian peasants. [7] Adam Olearius also reported that homosexuality among men existed on all levels of society and was not treated as a crime. [8] There are also reports of homosexual relationships between women. [9] Peter the Great 's reforms to Westernize Russia imported homophobia into the country. [10]

Prior to Tsarist policy, homosexuality and cross-dressing were punished by religious authorities or militias. Ivan the Terrible was accused of being gay in an attempt to discredit him. When Tsar False Dmitry I was overthrown, his broken body was dragged through the streets by his genitals alongside his reputed male lover. [11]

In 1716, Tsar Peter the Great enacted a ban on male homosexuality in the armed forces. The prohibition on sodomy was part of a larger reform movement designed to modernize Russia and efforts to extend a similar ban to the civilian population were rejected until 1835. [11]

In 1832, [12] Tsar Nicholas I added Article 995 which outlawed muzhelozhstvo . While this could have created a ban on all forms of private adult voluntary homosexual behavior, the courts tended to limit its interpretation to anal sex between men, thus making private acts of oral sex between consenting men legal. The law did not explicitly address female homosexuality or cross-dressing, although both behaviors were considered to be equally immoral and may have been punished under other laws (similar to how the Church would punish girls for being "tomboys") as lesbians were previously punished by law in the 17th century and prior. [13] Persons convicted under Article 995 were to be stripped of their rights and relocated to Siberia for four to five years. It is unknown how many Russians were sentenced under this law, although there were a number of openly gay and bisexual Russians during this era and homoerotic rites were popular among some religious dissidents in the far north of Russia. [14] The relatively high number of openly gay or bisexual artists and intellectuals continued on into the late 19th century.

Author and critic Konstantin Leontiev was bisexual and one of the most famous couples in the late 19th century Russian literary world were the lesbians Anna Yevreinova (a lawyer) and Maria Feodorova (an author). [15] Another notable Russian lesbian couple were author Polyxena Soloviova and Natalia Manaseina. [16] Other notables included poet Alexei Apukhtin , Peter Tchaikovsky , conservative author and publisher Prince Vladimir Meshchersky , Sergei Diaghilev , who had an affair with his cousin Dmitry Filosofov and after the breakup with Vaslav Nijinsky . Mikhail Kuzmin 's novel Wings (1906) became one of the first "coming out" stories to have a happy ending and his private
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