Russian Asian
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There are more than 190 ethnic groups among the 142 million inhabitants of Russia, from ethnic Russians who form 78 percent of the population to the Ket people of Siberia who number just over a thousand. Most ethnic Russians have a so-called European appearance, but there are many Russian citizens who could be classified as ethnically Asian.
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Many Russian citizens can technically be classified as Asians.
Russia’s ethnic diversity often surprises tourists, who expect the country be more homogenous. While there are more than 190 ethnicities in the country, Russia does not officially define any group as Asian.
Egor Kitov, a researcher from the Center of Physical Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that there are three possible definitions of the term Asian in a Russian context.
First of all, Asians are people who live in the Asian part of Russia, Kitov told RBTH. Secondly, being Asian is largely a matter of self-identification on the basis of language and culture. Turkic and Tungusic people can be listed as Asians, Kitov adds.
Thirdly, Asians can simply be described as Mongoloids. Among them he listed Kalmyks, Evenks, Yukagirs, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakass, Chukchis, Koryaks, Eskimos and Aleuts.
There are many more ethnicities of the Mongoloid race in Russia, he explains. However, identifying them is exceptionally hard since “the territory of modern Russia comprises of at least two races: Caucasian and Mongoloid,” and after many years of coexistence they have mixed in all kinds of proportions.
Professor Ilya Perevozchikov, who co-wrote the main college textbook for anthropology students in Russia, agrees with Kitov. He told RBTH that the term Asian is quite misleading and vague. Asian-looking Tatars and Kazakhs, whom he cites as an example, are of mixed origin and have both Caucasian and Mongoloid blood.
Perevozchikov says race and ethnicity are not connected at all. Race is a biological concept, while ethnicity is just a social notion, he adds.
According to the 2010 Russian Census , there are 193 ethnic groups in Russia. The following is a list of the ten most populous ethnic (traditionally accepted) Asians groups in modern Russia, based on census data.
Although many indigenous people of the Russian North and Far East (like Chukchis or Aleuts) are a part of the Mongoloid race, they, unfortunately, are not included since their numbers are miniscule and in serious decline.
The Russian government is undertaking measures to preserve the culture and traditions of these groups by supporting their associations and providing internships to them at the United Nations’ headquarters.
Who exactly can be classified as an Asian is a matter of debate in Europe, Asia and the United States. Going by traditional definitions, Russia has 9.5 million ethnic Asian inhabitants, who form 6.5 percent of the country’s population.
In comparison, according to the Pew Research Center, Asian Americans make up 5.8 percent of the population of the United States.
Most of the Asian population of Russia lives in rural areas. The only Asian communities that are largely urbanized in Russia are the Koreans, Tatars, Uzbek and Kyrgyz.
Statistics show that women outnumber men in the Asian community, which is in accordance with a general Russian trend .
Many Asian ethnic groups have a vague history, which makes it difficult for modern researchers to trace their ancestors. For example, Buryats originate from Siberian and Mongolian tribes and eventually settled down near Lake Baikal and the modern Russian internal republic of Buryatia.
They were first mentioned in the ‘History of Mongols,’ the oldest surviving Mongolian-language literary work from the end of the 13th century.
The history of the Kalmyks is also tightly connected with another Mongol tribe – the Oirats. The earliest written records of the Tuvan people refer to them as the Dingling.
Tatars and Kazakhs share common ancestors and speak Turkic languages. Yakuts, Bashkirs, Uzbeks and Kyrgyz people are also believed to have descended from Turkic ethnic groups native to Central Asia.
Many Korean communities across Russia trace their roots back to the Koreans who lived in the Russian Far East during the late 19th century. Koreans, who left their country due to poverty, quickly adapted to the Far East and settled on empty farmlands.
The Soviet Union deported most of them in the 1930s to Central Asian countries, where they continue to live now.
The internal republics of Tatarstan and Yakutia also have large ethnic Asian populations.
Many ethnic groups have a representative body and cultural centers. The Russian government has also set up the Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs.
The Russian Constitution guarantees the right of all internal republics to have their own state languages, apart from Russian. It also guarantees the right of ethnic groups to preserve their native language and create conditions for their study and development.
Unfortunately, many Asian people from Russian republics are moving from their homes to Moscow or other economically developed cities. In 2013 more than half a million internal migrants moved to the European part of Russia.
Statistics on government salary arrears might explain the urge to leave. In 2015 the Siberian Federal District owed its employees about 773 million rubles (about $13.3 million) in arrears, while the number in the Central Federal district was just 477 million rubles.
The Russian government census divides the population on the basis of ethnicities, but it is difficult to objectively decide as to which group can be classified as Asian.
The definition of the term Asian varies in different countries. The United Kingdom mainly defines Asians as people of South Asian origin, which mostly includes Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis.
With a large number of ethnic groups, Russia has a diverse population / RIA Novosti/Sergei Guneev The 2010 United States Census Bureau includes those who origins are in the Far East, the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, while the Swedish government also includes people of Middle Eastern origin.
Both western and eastern non-governmental researchers do not concur on the definition of Asians, and although they mostly tend to use the term Mongoloid there are exceptions.
For example, Dr. Marta Mirazon Lahr from the Cambridge University believes that “all Asian populations” can be grouped under the term Mongoloid.
Masniari Novita of Jember University in Indonesia says , “Asiatics are part of the Mongoloid race while Asians from the Indian Subcontinent are part of the Caucasian race.”
A 2011 style guide by professor David Blakesley recommends using the term Asian to refer to people living in Asian countries such as "China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam" unless a given situation makes using a specific national term more appropriate than using the broader Asian term.
This article is part of the "Why Russia…?" series in which RBTH answers popular questions about Russia.
If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.
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It’s a tricky question, with 77 percent of the country located in Asia while the vast majority of the population lives in the European portion. Russians themselves argue about where they belong; some claim they have a very special identity which is non-European, non-Asian – but rather a specific mix.
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Even Russia's coat of arms reflects its dual nature: one head of the eagle is facing Europe and the other looks to Asia
Russia certainly doesn’t lack monuments marking the border between Europe and Asia. There are around 50 of them and some can be misleading. For example, a famous “Europe – Asia” obelisk in Orenburg (1400 km east of Moscow) was built on the idea that the Ural River (which Orenburg straddles) separates the two parts of the world. This train of thought is now considered wrong.
Traditionally, most scientists now suppose that the eastern side of the Ural Mountains roughly set the border between Europe and Asia in Russia. Anyway, it’s easy to define the correlation between Russia’s European and Asian territories: About 23 to 77 percent respectively. What’s much harder to find out is whether Russia in general considers itself European or Asian.
Although the biggest country in the world predominantly lies beyond the Ural Mountains its population is concentrated in Europe to a great extent. Around 75 percent of Russians live in the European part of the country with vast spaces of Siberia and the Far East still generally underpopulated due to the harsh climate.
As Vladimir Kolosov, president of the International Geographical Union, told Russia Beyond, “the population in Russia there [in its Asian part] stands at two people per square kilometer.” The two biggest cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg) also are in Europe, as well as all federal authorities so many claim the European part is more important. On the other hand, it’s Asia where the most natural resources are concentrated, so it’s not wise to underestimate its importance.
The main question concerning Russia’s identity in relation to the outside world could be formulated as “Is Russia a European country or not?” The issue sparked serious debate in the 19th century when the two most influential groups among Russian intellectuals were the Slavophiles and the Westernizers.
Back then, the Slavophiles believed that Russia should have relied on its unique heritage (traditions, Orthodox Christianity, rural life) while the Westernizers supported the idea of European-style modernization and individualism. Put on pause by the Russian revolutions of 1917 when the radical Socialists came to power, the dispute between Westernizers and their opponents still continues. What are the key arguments?
Those opposing the idea that Russia belongs to the Western world usually emphasize that the Russians throughout history have been living “at the crossroads” of civilizations and have therefore embraced cultural values from both Europe and Asia.
As Lev Gumilev, a Russian historian and one of the most authoritative Eurasianists (those who consider Russia a Eurasian, Western-Eastern country), said , “Russia is a distinctive country which unites elements from West and East.”
Moreover, the troubled history of Russia’s controversial relations with European countries and the West in general adds fuel to the fire, making many patriotic thinkers claim: “We’re not European for Europe will never embrace us.” Alexander Blok, a famous Russian poet of the early 20th century in 1918 wrote an angry poem called “Scythians” dedicated to Europeans denying Russia as Europe: “Yes, we are Scythians, yes, we are Asians, with slanted and greedy eyes! Try and take us on!”
On the other hand, in the very same poem Blok calls for unity among the Russians and their European neighbors: “Comrades! We shall be brothers!” And that’s an example of thought that cultural ties between Russia and Europe prevail over differences and political misunderstandings. Since Peter the Great (ruled Russia in 1682 – 1725) who brought European values, habits, and even clothes to Russia in the early 18th century, this viewpoint has many supporters.
For instance, Alexander Baunov, a Russian journalist and the editor-in-chief for Carnegie.ru, wrote in his 2014 article that both Easterners and Westerners consider Russia closer to the global West, at least in terms of culture. “Our differences from any Western country are very significant but they are not much more than differences between Finland and Portugal, Hungary and Ireland, Cyprus and Poland,” Baunov wrote.
This article is part of the "Why Russia…?" series in which RBTH answers popular questions about Russia.
If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.
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https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/05/10/why-some-russians-look-asian-759856
https://www.rbth.com/arts/327309-is-russia-europe-or-asia
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