Russia Worship
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Russia Worship
Benjamin Elisha Sawe July 6 2018 in Society
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Russia's 144 million inhabitants subscribe to a diverse variety of religions, with the most popular religion in the state traditionally being the Russian Orthodox Church. However, irreligious beliefs have also become more and more popular in Russia over recent times. Attitudes towards religion in Russia have waned and fluctuated over time. During the lengthy era of the Soviet Union, atheism was the widespread practice. However, following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, religious beliefs began to re-emerge, setting the foundation for the present day religious association. However, atheism still remains a preferred way of life for many Russians. A detailed analysis of the religious beliefs of Russia is available below.
Orthodox Christianity in Russia can be traced back to at least the year 988 when it was introduced in Russia under the governance of Prince Vladimir of Kiev. Today, Orthodox Christianity is still the most popular Christian denomination in Russia, with 42.5% of Russians identifying as Orthodox Christians. Although religious activity was highly intertwined within Russian society throughout many centuries, the influence of the Russian Orthodox church lessened following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. After the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, religious participation was at best discouraged and at worst persecuted. Other Orthodox churches, such as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, and the Belarusian Orthodox Church saw similar treatment during this era. Today, Christianity in Russia has experienced somewhat of an upsurge, a trend that began after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Atheism came into vogue in Russia during the Soviet era, as it was regarded to be communism-appropriate. Today, atheist beliefs prevail in Russia to an extent, with around 13% of the country identifying as such. However, it is difficult to determine exactly how many people are atheists in Russia, as many who identify as Orthodox Russian do not participate in any religious practices and are in fact atheists. Those who identified their religious beliefs as "non-affiliated" include Russians who consider themselves to be agnostic or just generally irreligious.
Many of those who are non-religiously affiliated are opposed to the major religions having influence in the affairs of the state. Non-believers remain generally unrepresented in Russia despite their relatively large numbers. Atheism and Agnosticism do not have any overt role in the matters of the nation.
Around 10% of the population of Russia identifies as Muslim. Islam was introduced to Russia through Dagestan around the mid-7th century. The central point of Islam's integration in Russia was the Volga region, from which it spread to other parts of the country. Today, Muslim communities in Russia are mainly concentrated in the Volga Region and the North Caucasus, with smaller numbers in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Tatarstan and Bashkortostan are the two major Islamic republics in Russia. The Muslims in Tatarstan are majorly ethnic Muslims, who are direct descendants of the earliest Muslims in Russia, called the Volga Bulgars. There are over 5,000 registered Muslim communities in Russia. However, like Orthodoxy, Islam was suppressed during the Soviet Union, and many mosques were closed down during this time.
A large number of Muslims in Russia observe the Sunni branch of Islam while a smaller number are Shia Muslims. In other areas, notably Chechnya, some Muslims adhere to Sufism. A political party, the Nur All-Russia Public Movement was formed to lobby for political, social and economic rights of Muslims and other minority groups.
Other than Orthodox Christianity, the other Christian beliefs practiced in Russia include: Protestant Christians, Jehovah’s Witness, the Old Believers, Catholics and Seventh Day Adventists. These groups represent around 2% of the population. A small amount of the population of Russia adheres to the Catholic Church. The aforementioned religious groups have minimal influence in Russia.
The other faiths followed in Russia include Pagan beliefs, Slavic Folk Religion, and/or Central Asia Shamanism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Taoism. There is a small community of Scientologists in Russia. However, these beliefs have a combined following that represents only 1% of the population.
In recent years, the Russian government has come under fire from international whistleblowers for failing to respect religious freedom. Although the constitution of Russia calls for freedom of religion, many argue that this is stipulation that goes unfollowed. Acts of religious extremism are generally frowned upon in Russia, and the Russian Orthodox Church has been called the "un-official" church of the state.
2015 data released by the PEW Research Center showed interesting predictions for trends in religious beliefs in Russia. While non-affiliation in Russia is predicted to shrink in population, followers of Islam and Hinduism are predicted to grow in the future. Interestingly, the population of those who follow Russian Orthodoxy are predicted to shrink in population, from around 100 million today to 88 million in 2050. One possible reason for this could be the fact that Russia is one of the world's countries that actually has a shrinking population, which is determined by a low birth date and a relatively short life expectancy, among other factors.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Believers, but not adherents of any particular religion (25.2%)
Mapping of religions and life stances in Russia (Arena Atlas 2012) [1]
Believers, but do not profess a particular religion
Religions by federal city, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug
^ Including Other Orthodox (1.5%), Unaffiliated Christians (4.1%), Old Believers (0.3%), Protestantism (0.3%), and Catholicism (0.1%).
^ Jump up to: a b c The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two Muslim-majority federal subjects of Russia, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia , which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims may be slightly underestimated. [1]
^ The category included Rodnovers accounting for 44%, and other Pagan religions and Siberian Tengrists and shamans accounting for the rest. [2]
^ Including Hinduism (0.1%), Judaism (0.1%) and other unspecified religions.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF) . Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek . 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) , the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ) , the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: "Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. Russian Journal . 10 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Filina, Olga (30 August 2012). "Mapping Russia's Religious Landscape" . Russia Beyond . Archived from the original on 23 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bourdeaux 2003 , p. 47.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fagan 2013 , p. 127.
^ Bourdeaux 2003 , p. 46.
^ Bourdeaux 2003 , pp. 47–48.
^ Jump up to: a b Uzzell 2000 , p. 168: "Religious freedom grew steadily in Russia from about the mid-1980s to approximately 1993. ... The real religious freedom that existed in practice was ... a result of the turmoil and chaos of the early 1990s, which prevented the Russian elite from keeping a steady hand on things. That hand is firmer now, and there has been a steady deterioration of religious freedom over the past five years. In 1994, the first provincial law restricting the rights of religious minorities was passed, in Tula , about two hundred miles south of Moscow. About one-third of Russia's provinces have passed similar laws since then, and in 1997 the national government passed a law explicitly distinguishing between first-class 'religious organizations' and second-class 'religious groups', which have far fewer rights".
^ Jump up to: a b Knox 2008 , pp. 282–283.
^ "Religious Freedoms Crackdowns Intensify in Russia" . 24 May 2021.
^ Kharitonova 2015 , passim.
^ Znamenski 2003 , passim.
^ Jump up to: a b Tkatcheva 1994 , passim.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennett 2011 , pp. 27–28; Borenstein 1999 , p. 441.
^ Ehlers, Kai (17 July 2014). "Russland verstehen" (in German).
^ Fagan 2013 , p. 1.
^ Fagan 2013 , pp. 1–2.
^ Fagan 2013 , pp. 6–7.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal 1997 , p. 10.
^ Budkina, Irina (2 May 2005). "Religious Freedom Since 1905 - Any Progress in Russia?" . Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe . 26 (2): 24. OCLC 8092013871 .
^ Rosenthal 1997 , pp. 135 ff, 153 ff, 185 ff.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fagan 2013 , p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Balzer 2015 , pp. 6–11.
^ Balzer 2015 , p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Fagan 2013 , p. 129.
^ Armes, Keith (1993). "Chekists in Cassocks: The Orthodox Church and the KGB" (PDF) . Demokratisatsiya (4): 72–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , pp. 33–35.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , pp. 40–43.
^ Jump up to: a b c Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , p. 35.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , p. 40.
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , pp. 44–45.
^ Balzer 2015 , p. 12: reports data from a research held by the Russian Ministry of Education in 1998.
^ "Великий пост — 2022" (in Russian). Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 9 March 2022.
^ Jump up to: a b "ВЕРА В СВЕРХЪЕСТЕСТВЕННОЕ" (in Russian). Levada Center. 3 November 2020.
^ Jump up to: a b "Об оскорблении религиозных чувств" (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 21 April 2021.
^ "Об оскорблении религиозных чувств" (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 21 April 2021.
^ Bullivant, Stephen (2018). "Europe's Young Adults and Religion: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014-16) to inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops" (PDF) . St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society; Institut Catholique de Paris. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2018.
^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . 14 November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues
^ Jump up to: a b "Religion, Ipsos Global Trends" . Ipsos . 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. About Ipsos Global Trends survey
^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF) . Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2017.
^ "In recent years, Orthodox shares fairly stable" . Pew Research Center. 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017.
^ ISSP Research Group (2017). "Country-specific religious affiliation or denomination: Russia - weighted" . International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015 (6770). doi : 10.4232/1.12848 – via GESIS . [ dead link ]
^ Dobrynina, Yekaterina (15 January 2013). "Вера и надежды: Социологи выяснили, каким богам россияне молятся и во что по-настоящему верят" [Faith and hope: Sociologists have found out what kind of gods Russians are praying to and what they actually believe in]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian).
^ "Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" . Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011.
^ European Social Survey 2007–2009. Data reported in Kreko, Peter; Szabados, Krisztian (2 April 2010). "Terror Attacks: Enflaming Right-Wing Extremism Among Russians and Muslim Minority" . Political Capital – Policy Research and Consulting Institute. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014.
^ "Religion In Russia Shows Increase In Orthodox Christian Affiliation, But Not In Church Attendance, Reports Pew Survey" . Huffington Post . 2 November 2014.
^ Analytical Center for Sociology of Interethnic and Regional Relations (ISPI). Data reported in Kon, Roman Mikhailovich (2008). "Динамика и тенденции развития сект в России [Dynamics and trends in the development of sects in Russia]" . Введение в сектоведение [ Introduction to Sectology ]. Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary. ISBN 9785903657094 .
^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" . Pew Research Center. 21 April 2021.
^ "Views on globalisation and faith" (PDF) . Ipsos MORI. 5 July 2011. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2013.
^ "Великий пост — 2021" (in Russian). Levada Center. 21 April 2021.
^ Balzer 2015 , pp. 1–2.
^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" . Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 .
^ Devlin 1999 , p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , p. 36.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , p. 38.
^ Islam in Russia
^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , pp. 37–38.
^ Rodoslav; Smagoslav; Rudiyar (22 June 2001). "Московская Славянская Языческая Община" [Moscow Slavic Pagan Community]. paganism.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 July 2017.
^ von Twickel, Nikolaus (7 July 2009). "Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove" . The St. Petersburg Times . No. 1489. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
^ Aitamurto 2016 , pp. 48, 78.
^ Fagan 2013 , p. 128.
^ Dzutsati, Valery (3 January 2011). "High-profile Murders in Kabardino-Balkaria Underscore the Government's Inability to Control Situation in the Republic" . Eurasia Daily Monitor . 8 (1). Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.
^ Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (2005). "Whose Steeple is Higher? Religious Competition in Siberia" (PDF) . Religion, State & Society . 33 (1): 57–69. doi : 10.1080/0963749042000330839 . S2CID 145576532 .
^ Popov 2016 , Тюрко-монгольские религии (тенгрианство) / Turko-Mongolic Religions (Tengrism).
^ Balzer 2015 , pp. 245–246.
^ Fagan 2013 , p. 148.
^ Grechin, B. S. (2016). Апология русского буддизма [ Apology of Russian Buddhism ] (PDF) (in Russian). Yaroslavl: Sangye Chho Ling. ISBN 9781311551276 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2017.
^ Fagan 2013 , pp. 130–131.
^ "Ancient Vishnu idol found in Russian town" . The Times of India . 4 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Fagan 2013 , p. 168.
^ Fagan 2013 , p. 99.
^ Sibireva, Olga; Verkhovsky, Alexander (10 May 2017). "Freedom of Conscience in Russia: Restrictions and Challenges in 2016" . SOVA - Center for Information and Analysis. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018.
^ Popov 2016 , Сикхизм / Sikhism.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Popov 2016 , Даосизм / Taoism.
^ "Official website of the Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies" .
^ Popov 2016 , Езидизм / Yezidism.
^ Jump up to: a b Popov 2016 , Зороастризм / Zoroastrianism.
^ Stausberg & Tessmann 2013 , p. 455.
^ Jump up to: a b c Filatov & Lunkin 2006 , p. 39.
^ Popov 2016 , Новые российские религии / New Russian religions.
^ Popov 2016 , Новые западные религии / New Western religions.
^ Rosenthal 1997 , pp. 199, 368.
^ Pranskevičiūtė 2015 , p. 442.
^ "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia" . US Department of State | OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. 10 June 2020.
^ Fagan 2013 , p. 166.
^ Sibireva, Olga; Verkhovsky, Alexander (10 May 2017). "Freedom of Conscience in Russia: Restrictions and Challenges in 2016" . SOVA - Center for Information and Analysis. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018.
^ Fagan 2013 , pp. 167–168.
^ Bennetts, Marc (23 May 2018). "Russia is rounding up Jehovah's Witnesses — Are other groups next?" . Newsweek .
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