Runners where can I buy cocaine

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Runners where can I buy cocaine

Australian Rules Football and illicit drugs have been in the media for all the wrong reasons recently. And added on top of all that is a claim tabled in federal parliament that clubs have been protecting players from getting caught. When it comes to the punishment for the player, it matters greatly whether they used it recreationally or to help them compete. So how is cocaine considered performance enhancing, and why does it matter when they took it? Cocaine is an addictive and potent drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. Even though it can be used medically as a local anaesthetic for certain medical procedures, it is a highly regulated and controlled substance due to its high potential for addiction and abuse. Once consumed, cocaine increases the level of a chemical in the brain called dopamine — a messenger molecular that is associated with pleasure and reward. A surge in dopamine is responsible for feelings of euphoria, heightened energy, and alertness, which makes cocaine highly sought-after for recreational purposes. When used during sport, cocaine is considered to have performance enhancing effects and is prohibited under the World Anti-Doping Code and listed under the Substances of Abuse Category. Athletes may use cocaine to improve focus, endurance, or to increase confidence, which it is claimed could provide them with an unfair advantage. However, despite the perceived benefits, it is highly unlikely an athlete would use it for performance enhancement. This is because the duration of the euphoric sensation is relatively brief, maybe as short as minutes , and often followed by a rapid decline in mood and energy levels. The cocaine would also likely affect their judgement and decision-making, an important aspect of ball sports. The player would also have to not be concerned about the health risks of using it — which include overdoses, headaches, dizziness and chest pain — and consider themselves unlikely to get caught from game-day testing. As a result, instead of a ban from competing, the court gave them month conditional release orders, with no convictions recorded. They were also later suspended for two matches by the AFL. Because of this, he stands accused of using cocaine not just recreationally, but potentially for performance-enhancing reasons. If he was found to have used it for only recreational purposes, not on game day, the ban would instead just be one or three months. To provide performance enhancement, cocaine would have to be used on the day of competition, so the exact day a player is determined to have taken it becomes very important. Scientific instruments can very accurately measure the concentration of cocaine, and one of its key metabolites called benzoylecgonine , commonly abbreviated as BZE, at the nanogram level in urine. Intact cocaine can remain detectable in urine for periods up to 15 days , and BZE can be detectable up to 25 days. These values are compared with urine concentrations that have had been analysed in scientific trials. But there are fundamental flaws in making these comparisons to determine when an athlete took cocaine. With the currently available research data, it can only be determined with certainty that an athlete took a drug between the last time they tested negative and the date when they tested positive to cocaine. Athletes really are risking a lot for minimal if any athletic reward when they take cocaine — not just the health risks, but the possibility of getting caught with a substance that is extremely unlikely to improve their on-field performances. This article was originally published on The Conversation as: Why cocaine is considered performance-enhancing for athletes, and why it matters when the athlete took it. Second cohort of PERIscope Commercialisation Award winners announced for scheme to put research on the express route to translation. Why cocaine is considered performance-enhancing for athletes. Under the athletic influence. Cocaine use is now considered performance-enhancing, particularly concerning the timing of ingestion, and the significance of when it is consumed in sports ethics and anti-doping measures. What is cocaine and is it performance enhancing? Recreational out of competition vs performancing-enhancing in-competition use. Can urine testing determine when someone took cocaine? Why is cocaine still considered performance-enhancing? Want more news? Sign up. Related articles. 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Drugs runner found with crack cocaine in flat known as 'Legoland'

Runners where can I buy cocaine

Grace Robinson and James Densley do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. The centre aims to measure the threat of county lines, focus resources on the most serious offenders and work closely with partners in health, welfare and education to reduce the harms associated with the practice. For our latest research , published in the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, we spoke with members of organised crime groups, police, staff on youth offending teams and young people aged between 14 and 17 involved in drugs gangs in Glasgow, Scotland and Merseyside, England, to find out what leads them to get involved in this practice, and how it affects their lives. Before gangs started using the county lines model, class A drugs such as heroin and crack cocaine were typically supplied in remote areas by user-dealers who would sell to locals from their own supply. Competition in these areas was low, and violence was kept to a minimum. Read more: Not all drug dealers are the same — it's time to ditch outdated stereotypes. But in recent years, gangs have been using experience gained in the big cities to enter into smaller, satellite areas with high demand, good profit margins and low police presence. They are leveraging violent reputations earned in the big cities to intimidate and dominate existing players in the illegal drugs market. Police in picturesque county towns such as Shrewsbury a town of about 70, people close to the Welsh border in Western England are now dealing with turf wars and homicides. During our research, we found that one of the root causes of this problem is how normal it is among teenagers to use cannabis — and the monetary cost of this. Young people in our study began smoking weed recreationally with their friends as young as Perhaps more significant than the psychological and physical effects of cannabis use, which are heightened around the time of puberty , was the fact that weed cost money that these adolescents did not have. The majority of county lines workers we interviewed in Merseyside owed money to a drug dealer. When they failed to pay, the indebted were forced into working for their dealers. Working the lines meant being deployed anywhere at any time, answering the phone without delay when their masters or clients called, and leaving their post only to meet paying customers. Some of our interviewees in Glasgow entered the trade by their own volition. They were willing to travel and simply asked known drug dealers for a job. Owing to boredom, poverty and a sense of hopelessness about their legitimate job prospects, these young people felt they had no choice but to sell drugs. Our findings expose a paradox at the heart of county lines — the exploited and the exploiters are often one and the same. Drug dealers, drug runners and drug users form a hierarchical structure, with the most vulnerable — the users — at the bottom. Drug runners look down on drug addicts to make themselves feel better about their own station. County lines expose that drug prohibition is not working: current laws neither effectively prevent young people from selling drugs, nor protect the most vulnerable in society from consuming them. Positive initiatives such as the National County Lines Coordination Centre are necessary for sharing intelligence between police and social service providers, but constrained by the folly of existing drug policy. Our research highlights that a criminal justice approach based on tough enforcement and recovering the proceeds of crime is not enough to dissuade dealers from dealing. Unless we tackle demand for illicit drugs, and the root causes of gang culture — namely social and economic marginalisation — county lines will continue to be drawn. Edition: Available editions Europe. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Events More events.

Runners where can I buy cocaine