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Runners buy cocaine
Australian Rules Football and illicit drugs have been in the media for all the wrong reasons recently. And added on top of all that is a claim tabled in federal parliament that clubs have been protecting players from getting caught. When it comes to the punishment for the player, it matters greatly whether they used it recreationally or to help them compete. So how is cocaine considered performance enhancing, and why does it matter when they took it? Cocaine is an addictive and potent drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. Even though it can be used medically as a local anaesthetic for certain medical procedures, it is a highly regulated and controlled substance due to its high potential for addiction and abuse. Once consumed, cocaine increases the level of a chemical in the brain called dopamine — a messenger molecular that is associated with pleasure and reward. A surge in dopamine is responsible for feelings of euphoria, heightened energy, and alertness, which makes cocaine highly sought-after for recreational purposes. When used during sport, cocaine is considered to have performance enhancing effects and is prohibited under the World Anti-Doping Code and listed under the Substances of Abuse Category. Athletes may use cocaine to improve focus, endurance, or to increase confidence, which it is claimed could provide them with an unfair advantage. However, despite the perceived benefits, it is highly unlikely an athlete would use it for performance enhancement. This is because the duration of the euphoric sensation is relatively brief, maybe as short as minutes , and often followed by a rapid decline in mood and energy levels. The cocaine would also likely affect their judgement and decision-making, an important aspect of ball sports. The player would also have to not be concerned about the health risks of using it — which include overdoses, headaches, dizziness and chest pain — and consider themselves unlikely to get caught from game-day testing. As a result, instead of a ban from competing, the court gave them month conditional release orders, with no convictions recorded. They were also later suspended for two matches by the AFL. Because of this, he stands accused of using cocaine not just recreationally, but potentially for performance-enhancing reasons. If he was found to have used it for only recreational purposes, not on game day, the ban would instead just be one or three months. To provide performance enhancement, cocaine would have to be used on the day of competition, so the exact day a player is determined to have taken it becomes very important. Scientific instruments can very accurately measure the concentration of cocaine, and one of its key metabolites called benzoylecgonine , commonly abbreviated as BZE, at the nanogram level in urine. Intact cocaine can remain detectable in urine for periods up to 15 days , and BZE can be detectable up to 25 days. These values are compared with urine concentrations that have had been analysed in scientific trials. But there are fundamental flaws in making these comparisons to determine when an athlete took cocaine. With the currently available research data, it can only be determined with certainty that an athlete took a drug between the last time they tested negative and the date when they tested positive to cocaine. Athletes really are risking a lot for minimal if any athletic reward when they take cocaine — not just the health risks, but the possibility of getting caught with a substance that is extremely unlikely to improve their on-field performances. This article was originally published on The Conversation as: Why cocaine is considered performance-enhancing for athletes, and why it matters when the athlete took it. Why cocaine is considered performance-enhancing for athletes. Under the athletic influence. Cocaine use is now considered performance-enhancing, particularly concerning the timing of ingestion, and the significance of when it is consumed in sports ethics and anti-doping measures. What is cocaine and is it performance enhancing? Recreational out of competition vs performancing-enhancing in-competition use. Can urine testing determine when someone took cocaine? Why is cocaine still considered performance-enhancing? Want more news? Sign up. Related articles. You're not alone. Almost half of kids go through a stage of picky eating, and this typically peaks around the age of three explains Nick Fuller, a Charles Perkins Centre Research Program Leader, from the University of Syndey. 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The Cocaine Cowboys
Runners buy cocaine
London is getting crowded. Gangs compete for shrinking territories while dodging police officers who know their faces and movements well. In the countryside, these gang members are less to the authorities. There are fewer rivals and demand is high. Urban gangs are sending junior members to market towns or coastal villages, where they run increasingly sophisticated drug dealing franchises. The gangs recruit local rural children to do the grunt work while senior gang members manage operations from their London headquarters. Children as young as 12 are known to be transporting and selling drugs for urban gangs. They can spend weeks at a time in the countryside, returning only when their supply is sold out. Mr A is a senior gang member and cook in London. Mr A burns the edges to seal each package. The runners are typically very young, vulnerable teenagers with complicated backgrounds. Up to 46, children are believed to be involved in gang activity in the UK. Social services are struggling to tackle the issue and politicians are unable to agree on the best way to combat its underlying causes. Society grooms people, just like it groomed me. London gangs dominate these rural networks, but there are now reports of country lines being operated out of other major cities , including Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham and Reading. The runners are based in a location arranged by senior gang members ahead of their arrival. Over time, news of a line spreads, helped along by the runners distributing business cards and leaflets through the letterboxes of known drug users. A country line can last for years, building up hundreds of customers. In some instances, lines have even been sold between gangs complete with their customer bases. Runners get a small cut of the profits. That debt needs paying off, leading to them working for the gangs without pay. The government and police are suggesting using the Modern Slavery Act to combat country lines dealing under the rationale that the gangs are trafficking children. But no one has yet been prosecuted under these laws for the trafficking of UK children in relation to country lines dealing. In the meantime, the drug networks continue to expand. SK has now set up his own franchise, with a local gang bulk-buying drugs from him to sell on their own phone line. As far as I can see, everyone of us here right now is loving this life. The country line is never closed. When an order comes in, the runners go out to deliver it. Now, the drugs are ready for distribution to the countryside. Into the Country. SK stays out there for as long as his pack of drugs lasts - usually two or three weeks.
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