Roman Female Slaves

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www.womenintheancientworld.com/women and slavery in ancient rome.htm
Перевести · Female slaves were at the mercy of predatory masters. Wives protested and society expressed disapproval (albeit in a very minor way), but the law was on the side of the errant husband. Monogamy was the stated ideal in Rome, but its achievement was another thing entirely. A child born of a slave by her master was a slave.
https://chariotjournal.com/2018/08/26/women-and-slaves-in-the-roman-republic
Перевести · 26.08.2018 · Women and slaves could potentially become relatively free and independent, though Roman matrons still had a higher status than freedmen. Citizen women in the Roman Republic …
https://the-past.com/feature/discovering-roman-womens-lives-from-slaves-to-a...
Перевести · 15.05.2021 · The Roman name for Geneva Genava appears on this inscription, displayed in the Site archéologique de la Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Genève. Geneva was part of the vast Allobrogian …
Перевести · 19.09.2012 · The female slaves of Ancient Rome had no rights whatsoever because they were not only a slave but they were also a woman. Whilst a man in slavery could be freed and then leave of his own accord, a woman must first have a man to leave with. The women …
June Class Roman Slavery Documentary
Buying Slaves in Ancient Rome. Up Pompeii
What It Was Like to Be a Roman Slave
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome
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Classical Roman religion
The religious holiday most famously celebrated by slaves at Rome was the Saturnalia, a December festival of role reversals during which time slaves enjoyed a rich banquet, gambling, free speech and other forms of license not normally available to them. To mark their temporary freedom, they wore the pilleus, the cap of freedom, as did free citizens, who normally went about bareheaded. Some ancient sources suggest that master and slave dined together, while …
Classical Roman religion
The religious holiday most famously celebrated by slaves at Rome was the Saturnalia, a December festival of role reversals during which time slaves enjoyed a rich banquet, gambling, free speech and other forms of license not normally available to them. To mark their temporary freedom, they wore the pilleus, the cap of freedom, as did free citizens, who normally went about bareheaded. Some ancient sources suggest that master and slave dined together, while others indicate that the slaves feasted first, or that the masters actually served the food. The practice may have varied over time. Macrobius (5th century AD) describes the occasion thus:

Meanwhile, the head of the slave household, whose responsibility it was to offer sacrifice to the Penates, to manage the provisions and to direct the activities of the domestic servants, came to tell his master that the household had feasted according to the annual ritual custom. For at this festival, in houses that keep to proper religious usage, they first of all honor the slaves with a dinner prepared as if for the master; and only afterwards is the table set again for the head of the household. So, then, the chief slave came in to announce the time of dinner and to summon the masters to the table.

Saturnalian license also permitted slaves to enjoy a pretense of disrespect for their masters, and exempted them from punishment. The Augustan poet Horace calls their freedom of speech "December liberty" (libertas Decembri). In two satires set during the Saturnalia, Horace portrays a slave as offering sharp criticism to his master. But everyone knew that the leveling of the social hierarchy was temporary and had limits; no social norms were ultimately threatened, because the holiday would end.

Another slaves' holiday (servorum dies festus) was held August 13 in honor of Servius Tullius, the legendary sixth king of Rome who was the child of a slave woman. Like the Saturnalia, the holiday involved a role reversal: the matron of the household washed the heads of her slaves, as well as her own.

The temple of Feronia at Terracina in Latium was the site of special ceremonies pertaining to manumission. The goddess was identified with Libertas, the personification of liberty, and was a tutelary goddess of freedmen (dea libertorum). A stone at her temple was inscribed "let deserving slaves sit down so that they may stand up free."

Female slaves and religion
At the Matralia, a women's festival held June 11 in connection with the goddess Mater Matuta, free women ceremonially beat a slave girl and drove her from the community. Slave women were otherwise forbidden from participation.

Slave women were honored at the Ancillarum Feriae on July 7. The holiday is explained as commemorating the service rendered to Rome by a group of ancillae (female slaves or "handmaids") during the war with the Fidenates in the late 4th century BC. Weakened by the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BC, the Romans next had suffered a stinging defeat by the Fidenates, who demanded that they hand over their wives and virgin daughters as hostages to secure a peace. A handmaid named either Philotis or Tutula came up with a plan to deceive the enemy: the ancillae would put on the apparel of the free women, spend one night in the enemy camp, and send a signal to the Romans about the most advantageous time to launch a counterattack. Although the historicity of the underlying tale may be doubtful, it indicates that the Romans thought they had already had a significant slave population before the Punic Wars.

Mystery cults
The Mithraic mysteries were open to slaves and freedmen, and at some cult sites most or all votive offerings are made by slaves, sometimes for the sake of their masters' wellbeing. The cult of Mithras, which valued submission to authority and promotion through a hierarchy, was in harmony with the structure of Roman society, and thus the participation of slaves posed no threat to social order.

Stoic philosophy
The Stoics taught that all men were manifestations of the same universal spirit, and thus by nature equal. Stoicism also held that external circumstances (such as being enslaved) did not truly impede a person from practicing the Stoic ideal of inner self-mastery: It has been said that one of the more important Roman stoics, Epictetus, spent his youth as a slave.

Early Christianity
Both the Stoics and some early Christians opposed the ill treatment of slaves, rather than slavery itself. Advocates of these philosophies saw them as ways to live within human societies as they were, rather than to overthrow entrenched institutions. In the Christian scriptures, equal pay and fair treatment of slaves was enjoined upon slave masters, and slaves were advised to obey their earthly masters, even if their masters are unfair, and lawfully obtain freedom if possible.

Certain senior Christian leaders (such as Gregory of Nyssa and John Chrysostom) called for good treatment for slaves and condemned slavery, while others supported it. Christianity gave slaves an equal place within the religion, allowing them to participate in the liturgy. According to tradition, Pope Clement I (term c. 92–99), Pope Pius I (158–167) and Pope Callixtus I (c. 217–222) were former slaves.
https://nextreleaseunknown.com/qa/question-what-did-female-slaves-wear-in-ancient-rome...
Перевести · What did female slaves do in ancient Rome? An Upper class Roman family had dozens, or even hundreds, of slaves; a middle-class family would have had one to three, and even a prosperous member of the working class might have had one. Female slaves …
How did women become slaves in ancient Rome?
How did women become slaves in ancient Rome?
WOMEN AND SLAVERY IN ANCIENT ROME At first slaves were the men and women taken prisoner as Rome conquered more and more territory. Their children helped ensure a continuing supply.
www.womenintheancientworld.com/women…
Who was the most famous slave in ancient Rome?
Who was the most famous slave in ancient Rome?
However, this was very difficult because they had no one to help them and many of them did not speak Latin. Spartacus was a famous ancient Roman slave who did manage to escape and form a group of slaves who defeated the Roman army in battle.
www.historyonthenet.com/ancient-roman-…
What was life like for women in ancient Rome?
What was life like for women in ancient Rome?
Female slaves were at the mercy of predatory masters. Wives protested and society expressed disapproval (albeit in a very minor way), but the law was on the side of the errant husband. Monogamy was the stated ideal in Rome, but its achievement was another thing entirely. A child born of a slave by her master was a slave.
www.womenintheancientworld.com/women…
What was the law of slavery in ancient Rome?
What was the law of slavery in ancient Rome?
Wives protested and society expressed disapproval (albeit in a very minor way), but the law was on the side of the errant husband. Monogamy was the stated ideal in Rome, but its achievement was another thing entirely. A child born of a slave by her master was a slave.
www.womenintheancientworld.com/women…
https://www.historyonthenet.com/ancient-roman-slaves
Перевести · Women slaves would be used as hairdressers, dressmakers, cooks and servants for rich women. Other slaves worked in small workshops making leather or silver goods or pots and pans. The ancient Roman slaves …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome
Перевести · Differences between sex slaves and sex workers in ancient Rome Ancient Roman sex slaves were bought by the wealthy, where sex workers (prostitutes) were men and women often employed by ex-slaves. The sex workers would have lower class patrons, where the upper class, wealthy men could just buy sex slaves.
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