Robinson Crusoe On Sin Island
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Robinson Crusoe On Sin Island
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^ Full title: The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written by Himself. [1]
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^ Rhead, Louis. LETTER TO THE EDITOR: "Tobago Robinson Crusoe's Island" , The New York Times , 5 August 1899.
^ "Robinson Crusoe and Tobago" , Island Guide
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^ Ribas, Joseph [1995]. Robinson Crusoé dans les Pyrénées. Éditions Loubatières. ISBN 2-86266-235-6.
^ Hinojosa, Lynne Walhout (September 2012). "Reading the Self, Reading the Bible (or is it a Novel?): The Differing Typological Hermeneutics of Augustine's Confessions and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe" . Christianity & Literature . 61 (4): 641–665. doi : 10.1177/014833311206100410 . ISSN 0148-3331 .
^ Stowe, Leland (1957). Crusoe of Lonesome Lake . New York: Random House. p. 98. ISBN 0-394-42092-6 . OCLC 1209983 .
^ "Robinson Crusoe Quotes" . Quotes.net . STANDS4 LLC . Retrieved 2021-12-07 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ Defoe, Daniel (1719). Robinson Crusoe . William Taylor. p. 101.
^ Severin, Tim (2002). "Marooned: The Metamorphosis of Alexander Selkirk". The American Scholar . 71 (3): 73–82. JSTOR 41213335 .
^ Jump up to: a b Little, Becky (2016-09-28). "Debunking the myth of the 'real' Robinson Crusoe" . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2017-12-08 . Retrieved 2017-12-07 .
^ Hassan, Nawal Muhammad (1980). Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature . Al-Rashid House.
^ Glasse, Cyril (2001). New Encyclopedia of Islam . Rowman Altamira. p. 202. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6 .
^ Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic perspective: Contributions of early Muslim scholars and challenges to contemporary Muslim psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health . 43 (4): 357–377, esp.369. doi : 10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z . S2CID 38740431 .
^ Wainwright, Martin (2003-03-22). "Desert island scripts" . The Guardian . Review. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24.
^ Knox, Robert (1911). An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon based on the 1659 original text . Glasgow, UK: James MacLehose and Sons.
^ see Alan Filreis
^ Dampier, William (1697). A New Voyage round the World . London: James Knapton.
^ Secord, Arthur Wellesley (1963) [1924]. Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe . New York, NY: Russell & Russell. pp. 21–111.
^ Watt, Ian (April 1951). "Robinson Crusoe as a myth". Essays in Criticism . Watt, Ian (1994). Robinson Crusoe as a Myth . Norton Critical Edition (Second) (reprint ed.).
^ Joyce, James (1964). Translated by Prescott, Joseph. "Daniel Defoe". Buffalo Studies (English translation of Italian manuscript ed.). 1 : 24–25.
^ "Colonial Representation in Robinson Crusoe, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India" (PDF) . Dspace.bracu.ac.bd . Retrieved 2018-10-27 .
^ Gurnow, Michael (Summer 2010). " 'The folly of beginning a work before we count the cost': Anarcho-primitivism in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe " . Fifth Estate . No. 383. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17 . Retrieved 2014-02-17 .
^ Hunter, J. Paul (1966). The Reluctant Pilgrim . Norton Critical Edition.
^ Greif, Martin J. (Summer 1966). "The Conversion of Robinson Crusoe". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 . 6 (3): 551–574. doi : 10.2307/449560 . JSTOR 449560 .
^ Varian, Hal R. (1990). Intermediate microeconomics: A modern approach . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-95924-6 .
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^ Novak, Maximillian E. (Summer 1961). "Robinson Crusoe's "original sin" ". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 . Restoration and Eighteenth Century. 1 (3): 19–29. doi : 10.2307/449302 . JSTOR 449302 .
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^ Halewood, William H. (1969-02-01). "The Reluctant Pilgrim: Defoe's emblematic method and quest for form in Robinson Crusoe. J.Paul Hunter, Defoe, and spiritual autobiography. G.A. Starr". Modern Philology . 66 (3): 274–278. doi : 10.1086/390091 .
^ West, Richard (1998). Daniel Defoe: The life and strange, surprising adventures . New York, NY: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-0557-3 .
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Robinson Crusoe [a] ( / ˈ k r uː s oʊ / ) is a novel by Daniel Defoe , first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. [2]
Epistolary , confessional , and didactic in form, the book is presented as an autobiography of the title character (whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer) – a castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical desert island near the coasts of Venezuela and Trinidad , roughly resembling Tobago , [3] [4] encountering cannibals , captives, and mutineers before being rescued. The story has been thought to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk , a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on a Pacific island called "Más a Tierra" (now part of Chile ) which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966. [5] : 23–24
Despite its simple narrative style, Robinson Crusoe was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. It is generally seen as a contender for the first English novel . [6] Before the end of 1719, the book had already run through four editions, and it has gone on to become one of the most widely published books in history, spawning so many imitations, not only in literature but also in film, television, and radio, that its name is used to define a genre, the Robinsonade . A film based on the same name was released.
Robinson Crusoe (the family name corrupted from the German name "Kreutznaer") sets sail from Kingston upon Hull on a sea voyage in August 1651, against the wishes of his parents, who wanted him to pursue a career in law. After a tumultuous journey where his ship is wrecked in a storm, his desire for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey, too, ends in disaster, as the ship is taken over by Salé pirates (the Salé Rovers ) and Crusoe is enslaved by a Moor . Two years later, he escapes in a boat with a boy named Xury; a captain of a Portuguese ship off the west coast of Africa rescues him. The ship is en route to Brazil . Crusoe sells Xury to the captain. With the captain's help, Crusoe procures a plantation in Brazil.
In the Years later, Crusoe joins an expedition to purchase slaves from Africa , but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island near the Venezuelan coast (which he calls the Island of Despair ) near the mouth of the Orinoco river on 30 September 1659. [1] : Chapter 23 He observes the latitude as 9 degrees and 22 minutes north. He sees penguins and seals on this island. Only he, the captain's dog, and two cats survive the shipwreck. Overcoming his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He builds a fenced-in habitat near a cave which he excavates. By making marks in a wooden cross, he creates a calendar. By using tools salvaged from the ship, and some which he makes himself, he hunts, grows barley and rice, dries grapes to make raisins, learns to make pottery and raises goats. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society.
More years pass and Crusoe discovers cannibals , who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. He plans to kill them for committing an abomination, but later realizes he has no right to do so, as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; when a prisoner escapes, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion "Friday" after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe teaches Friday English and converts him to Christianity.
After more cannibals arrive to partake in a feast, Crusoe and Friday kill most of them and save two prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe about other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return to the mainland with Friday's father and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port.
Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; mutineers have commandeered the vessel and intend to maroon their captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which Crusoe helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship. With their ringleader executed by the captain, the mutineers take up Crusoe's offer to be marooned on the island rather than being returned to England as prisoners to be hanged. Before embarking for England, Crusoe shows the mutineers how he survived on the island and states that there will be more men coming.
Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead; as a result, he was left nothing in his father's will. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him much wealth. In conclusion, he transports his wealth overland to England from Portugal to avoid traveling by sea. Friday accompanies him and, en route , they endure one last adventure together as they fight off famished wolves while crossing the Pyrenees . [7]
Robinson Crusoe was published in 1719 during the Enlightenment period of the 18th century. In the novel, Crusoe sheds light on different aspects of Christianity and his beliefs. The book can be considered a spiritual autobiography as Crusoe's views on religion change dramatically from the start of his story to the end.
At the beginning of the book, Crusoe is concerned with sailing away from home, whereupon he meets violent storms at sea. He promises to God that, if he survived that storm, he would be a dutiful Christian man and head home according to his parents' wishes. However, when Crusoe survives the storm, he decides to keep sailing and notes that he could not fulfill the promises he had made during his turmoil. [1] : 6
After Robinson is shipwrecked on his island, he begins to suffer from extreme isolation. He turns to his animals, such as his parrot, to talk to but misses human contact. He turns to God during his time of turmoil in search of solace and guidance. He retrieves a Bible from a ship that was washed along the shore and begins to memorize verses . In times of trouble, he would open the Bible to a random page and read a verse that he believed God had made him open and read, and that would ease his mind. Therefore, during the time in which Crusoe was shipwrecked, he became very religious and often would turn to God for help.
When Crusoe meets his servant Friday, he begins to teach him scripture and about Christianity. He tries to teach Friday to the best of his ability about God and what Heaven and Hell are. His purpose is to convert Friday into being a Christian and to his values and beliefs. "During a long time that Friday has now been with me, and that he began to speak to me, and understand me, I was not wanting to lay a foundation of religious knowledge in his mind; particularly I asked him one time who made him?" [1] : 158
Lynne W. Hinojosa has argued that throughout the novel Crusoe interprets scripture in a way that "[s]cripture never has ramifications beyond his own needs and situations" (651). For Hinojosa, Crusoe places a biblical narrative inside himself unlike earlier interpretations of scripture in which the individual was subsumed by the biblical narrative. For this reason, Hinojosa contends that "Crusoe displays no desire… to carry out the mission of the church or to be reunited with society in order to participate in God's plan for human history" (652). [8]
"Every animal, Edwards learned, had its own peculiarities and presented different problems." [9] The character Robinson Crusoe encounters and domesticates many animals. Each species will also serve a purpose to Crusoe while he is struggling to survive on the island. Crusoe acquires parrots, sheep, a dog, and multiple cats along his extended stay. The goat herd that he gathers mainly provided meat, while the dog and cats were companions.
In the 1997 movie adaption of Robinson Crusoe, the dialog between Friday and Crusoe mourning his dog Skipper shows the view that the main character had on animal's souls. "Friday: Skipper go to Crusoe's God? Robinson Crusoe: No. Dogs don't have mortal souls. Only men have mortal souls. Friday: Too bad. Good dog." [10] Moral and ethical dilemmas that deal with animals and survival are a prevalent topic within the novel and movie adaptation. Crusoe was also in a very precarious situation and needed to do drastic things in order to survive. Therefore, the combination of his ingrained morals and his precarious situation may have led to his decisions of his treatment towards the domestic animals found on the island and those that he took with him.
One issue that targets animal cruelty in the book is his extermination of cats that traveled and survived the crash with him on the island, "In this season I was much surprised with the increase of my family; I had been concerned for the loss of one of my cats, who ran away from me, or, as I thought, had been dead, and I heard no more tidings of her till, to my astonishment, she came home about the end of August with three kittens. This was the more strange to me because, though I had killed a wild cat, as I called it, with my gun, yet I thought it was quite a different kind from our European cats; but the young cats were the same kind of house-breed as the old one; and both my cats being females, I thought it very strange. But from these three cats I afterwards came to be so pestered with cats that I was forced to kill them like vermin or wild beasts, and to drive them from my house as much as possible." [11] His surplus killing of cats is simply because they rely on him yet he cannot provide sustenance for them. They become an invasive species to his small area.
There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Most famously, Defoe's suspected inspiration for Robinson Crusoe is thought to be Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk , who spent four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra (renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966) [5] : 23–24 in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Selkirk was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers during an English expedition that led to the publication of Selkirk's adventures in both A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World and A Cruising Voyage Around the World in 1712. According to Tim Severin , "Daniel Defoe, a secretive man, neither confirmed nor denied that Selkirk was the model for the hero of his book. Apparently written in six months or less, Robinson Crusoe was a publishing phenomenon." [12]
The author of Crusoe's Island , Andrew Lambert states, "the ideas that a single, real Crusoe is a 'false premise' because Crusoe's story is a complex compound of all the other buccaneer survival stories." [13] : not cited [ full citation needed ] However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Rogers' account: Becky Little argues three events that distinguish the two stories:
"The economic and dynamic thrust of the book is completely alien to what the buccaneers are doing," Lambert says. "The buccaneers just want to capture some loot and come home and drink it all, and Crusoe isn’t doing that at all. He's an economic imperialist: He's creating a world of trade and profit." [13] : not cited [ full citation needed ]
Other possible sources for the narrative include Ibn Tufail 's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan , and Spanish sixteenth-century sailor Pedro Serrano . Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is a twelfth-century philosophical novel also set on a desert island , and translated from Arabic into Latin and English a number of times in the half-century preceding Defoe's novel. [14] [15] [16] [17]
Pedro Luis Serrano was supposed to be a
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