Ризосфера — Википедия

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Ризосфера — Википедия

The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome. This symbiosis leads to more complex interactions, influencing plant growth and competition for resources. Much of the nutrient cycling and disease suppression needed by plants occurs immediately adjacent to roots due to root exudants and communities of microorganisms. Exudates, such as organic acids , change the chemical structure of the rhizosphere in comparison with the bulk soil. Concentrations of organic acids and saccharides affect the ability of the plant to uptake phosphorus, nitrogen, \\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\] potassium and water through the root cap, \\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\] and the total availability of iron to the plant and to its neighbors. Exudates come in the form of chemicals released into the rhizosphere by cells in the roots and cell waste referred to as 'rhizodeposition. Chemicals connected to allelopathy: flavinols \\\\\\\\\\\\[13\\\\\\\\\\\\] carbohydrates and application by root hairs \\\\\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\\\\] phenols \\\\\\\\\\\\[15\\\\\\\\\\\\] Positive allelopathic pathways and definitions of interactions between plant-plant and plant-microbe, \\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\] positive plant-microbe in the form of systematic resistance \\\\\\\\\\\\[17\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Although it goes beyond the rhizosphere area, it is notable that some plants secrete allelochemicals from their roots which inhibit the growth of other organisms. For example, garlic mustard produces a chemical that is believed to prevent mutualisms forming between the surrounding trees and mycorrhiza in mesic North American temperate forests where it is an invasive species. Rhizodeposition allows for the growth of communities of microorganisms directly surrounding and inside plant roots. Predation is considered to be top-down because these interactions decrease the population, but the closeness of the interactions of species directly affects the availability of resources causing the population to also be affected by bottom-up controls. Soil fauna provide the top-down component of the rhizosphere while also allowing for the bottom-up increase in nutrients from rhizodeposition and inorganic nitrogen. The complexity of these interactions has also been shown through experiments with common soil fauna, such as nematodes and protists. Predation by bacterial-feeding nematodes was shown to influence nitrogen availability and plant growth. Predation upon Pseudomonas by amoeba shows predators are able to upregulate toxins produced by prey without direct interaction using supernatant. The food web in the rhizosphere can be considered as three different channels with two different sources of energy: the detritus-dependent channels are fungi and bacterial species, and the root energy-dependent channel consists of nematodes, symbiotic species, and some arthropods. This bacterial channel is considered to be a faster channel because of the ability of species to focus on more accessible resources in the rhizosphere and have faster regeneration times compared with the fungal channel. All three of these channels are also interrelated to the roots that form the base of the rhizosphere ecosystem and the predators, such as the nematodes and protists, that prey upon many of the same species of microflora. Allelopathy and autotoxicity and negative root-root communications \\\\\\\\\\\\[22\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\]. These properties define the rhizosphere of roots and the likelihood that plants can directly compete with neighbors. Plants and soil microflora indirectly compete against one another by tying up limiting resources, such as carbon and nitrogen, into their biomass. Mycorrhizae and heterotrophic soil microorganisms compete for both carbon and nitrogen depending upon which is limiting at the time, which itself heavily depends on the species, scavenging abilities, and the environmental conditions affecting nitrogen input. Plants are less successful at uptake of organic nitrogen, such as amino acids, than the soil microflora that exist in the rhizosphere. Competition over other resources, such as oxygen in limited environments, are directly affected by the spatial and temporal locations of species and the rhizosphere. In methanotrophs, proximity to higher density roots and the surface are important and help to determine where they are dominant over heterotrophs in rice paddies. The weak connection between the various channels of energy is important in regulation in the populations of both predator and prey and the availability of resources to the biome. Strong connections between resource-consumer and consumer-consumer create coupled systems of oscillators which are then determined by the nature of the available resources. Plants secrete many compounds through their roots to serve symbiotic functions in the rhizosphere. Strigolactones , secreted and detected by mycorrhizal fungi, stimulate the germination of spores and initiate changes in the mycorrhiza that allow it to colonize the root. The parasitic plant, Striga also detects the presence of strigolactones and will germinate when it detects them; they will then move into the root, feeding off the nutrients present. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium species, detect compounds like flavonoids secreted by the roots of leguminous plants and then produce nod factors that signal to the plant that they are present and will lead to the formation of root nodules. Bacteria in these nodules, are sustained by nutrients from the plant, and convert nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by the plant. Even though these organisms are thought to be only loosely associated with plants they inhabit, they may respond very strongly to the status of the plants. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of the rice plant exhibit diurnal cycles that mimic plant behavior and tend to supply more fixed nitrogen during growth stages when the plant exhibits a high demand for nitrogen. In exchange for the resources and shelter that plants and roots provide, fungi and bacteria control pathogenic microbes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the bacteria that make the rhizosphere their home also form close relationships in order to be more competitive. The rhizosphere has been referred to as an information super highway because of the proximity of data points, which include roots, and organisms in the soil, and the methods for transferring data using exudates and communities. Certain species like Trichoderma are interesting because of their ability to select for species in this complex web. Trichoderma is a biological control agent because of evidence that it can reduce plant pathogens in the rhizosphere. The control of which species are in these small diversity hotspots can drastically affect the capacity of these spaces and future conditions for future ecologies. The following are methods that are commonly used or of interest to the topics discussed in this article. Many of these methods include both field testing of the root systems and in lab testing using simulated environments to perform experiments, such as pH determination. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in Genesis and Functions. Soil Biology. Archived from the original on March 12, Retrieved 5 May Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. CO;2-C — via Research Gate. Retrieved 3 July March Soil Biology and Biochemistry. August Plant and Soil. May Plant Physiol. Plant Soil. November New Phytologist. European Journal of Soil Science. Phytochemical Analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology. Weston Canadian Journal of Botany. Annual Review of Plant Biology. Annual Review of Phytopathology. PLOS Biology. Ecological Monographs. Trends in Plant Science. The American Naturalist. G; Jones, D. L Bibcode : Natur. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : PNAS.. Plant Disease. Aeroponics Aquaponics Aquascaping Hydroponics passive. Algaculture Aquaculture of coral Aquaculture of sea sponges Controlled-environment agriculture Historical hydroculture Hydroponicum Paludarium Plant nutrition Plant propagation Rhizosphere Root rot Vertical farming Water aeration. Commons Wikibooks Wikiversity. Categories : Soil biology Plant roots Environmental soil science. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Ризосфера — Википедия

Rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome. This symbiosis leads to more complex interactions, influencing plant growth and competition for resources. Much of the nutrient cycling and disease suppression needed by plants occurs immediately adjacent to roots due to root exudants and communities of microorganisms. Exudates, such as organic acids , change the chemical structure of the rhizosphere in comparison with the bulk soil. Concentrations of organic acids and saccharides affect the ability of the plant to uptake phosphorus, nitrogen, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] potassium and water through the root cap, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and the total availability of iron to the plant and to its neighbors. Exudates come in the form of chemicals released into the rhizosphere by cells in the roots and cell waste referred to as 'rhizodeposition. Chemicals connected to allelopathy: flavinols \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[13\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] carbohydrates and application by root hairs \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] phenols \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[15\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Positive allelopathic pathways and definitions of interactions between plant-plant and plant-microbe, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] positive plant-microbe in the form of systematic resistance \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[17\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Although it goes beyond the rhizosphere area, it is notable that some plants secrete allelochemicals from their roots which inhibit the growth of other organisms. For example, garlic mustard produces a chemical that is believed to prevent mutualisms forming between the surrounding trees and mycorrhiza in mesic North American temperate forests where it is an invasive species. Rhizodeposition allows for the growth of communities of microorganisms directly surrounding and inside plant roots. Predation is considered to be top-down because these interactions decrease the population, but the closeness of the interactions of species directly affects the availability of resources causing the population to also be affected by bottom-up controls. Soil fauna provide the top-down component of the rhizosphere while also allowing for the bottom-up increase in nutrients from rhizodeposition and inorganic nitrogen. The complexity of these interactions has also been shown through experiments with common soil fauna, such as nematodes and protists. Predation by bacterial-feeding nematodes was shown to influence nitrogen availability and plant growth. Predation upon Pseudomonas by amoeba shows predators are able to upregulate toxins produced by prey without direct interaction using supernatant. The food web in the rhizosphere can be considered as three different channels with two different sources of energy: the detritus-dependent channels are fungi and bacterial species, and the root energy-dependent channel consists of nematodes, symbiotic species, and some arthropods. This bacterial channel is considered to be a faster channel because of the ability of species to focus on more accessible resources in the rhizosphere and have faster regeneration times compared with the fungal channel. All three of these channels are also interrelated to the roots that form the base of the rhizosphere ecosystem and the predators, such as the nematodes and protists, that prey upon many of the same species of microflora. Allelopathy and autotoxicity and negative root-root communications \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[22\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. These properties define the rhizosphere of roots and the likelihood that plants can directly compete with neighbors. Plants and soil microflora indirectly compete against one another by tying up limiting resources, such as carbon and nitrogen, into their biomass. Mycorrhizae and heterotrophic soil microorganisms compete for both carbon and nitrogen depending upon which is limiting at the time, which itself heavily depends on the species, scavenging abilities, and the environmental conditions affecting nitrogen input. Plants are less successful at uptake of organic nitrogen, such as amino acids, than the soil microflora that exist in the rhizosphere. Competition over other resources, such as oxygen in limited environments, are directly affected by the spatial and temporal locations of species and the rhizosphere. In methanotrophs, proximity to higher density roots and the surface are important and help to determine where they are dominant over heterotrophs in rice paddies. The weak connection between the various channels of energy is important in regulation in the populations of both predator and prey and the availability of resources to the biome. Strong connections between resource-consumer and consumer-consumer create coupled systems of oscillators which are then determined by the nature of the available resources. Plants secrete many compounds through their roots to serve symbiotic functions in the rhizosphere. Strigolactones , secreted and detected by mycorrhizal fungi, stimulate the germination of spores and initiate changes in the mycorrhiza that allow it to colonize the root. The parasitic plant, Striga also detects the presence of strigolactones and will germinate when it detects them; they will then move into the root, feeding off the nutrients present. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium species, detect compounds like flavonoids secreted by the roots of leguminous plants and then produce nod factors that signal to the plant that they are present and will lead to the formation of root nodules. Bacteria in these nodules, are sustained by nutrients from the plant, and convert nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by the plant. Even though these organisms are thought to be only loosely associated with plants they inhabit, they may respond very strongly to the status of the plants. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of the rice plant exhibit diurnal cycles that mimic plant behavior and tend to supply more fixed nitrogen during growth stages when the plant exhibits a high demand for nitrogen. In exchange for the resources and shelter that plants and roots provide, fungi and bacteria control pathogenic microbes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the bacteria that make the rhizosphere their home also form close relationships in order to be more competitive. The rhizosphere has been referred to as an information super highway because of the proximity of data points, which include roots, and organisms in the soil, and the methods for transferring data using exudates and communities. Certain species like Trichoderma are interesting because of their ability to select for species in this complex web. Trichoderma is a biological control agent because of evidence that it can reduce plant pathogens in the rhizosphere. The control of which species are in these small diversity hotspots can drastically affect the capacity of these spaces and future conditions for future ecologies. The following are methods that are commonly used or of interest to the topics discussed in this article. Many of these methods include both field testing of the root systems and in lab testing using simulated environments to perform experiments, such as pH determination. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microorganisms in Soils: Roles in Genesis and Functions. Soil Biology. Archived from the original on March 12, Retrieved 5 May Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. CO;2-C — via Research Gate. Retrieved 3 July March Soil Biology and Biochemistry. August Plant and Soil. May Plant Physiol. Plant Soil. November New Phytologist. European Journal of Soil Science. Phytochemical Analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology. Weston Canadian Journal of Botany. Annual Review of Plant Biology. Annual Review of Phytopathology. PLOS Biology. Ecological Monographs. Trends in Plant Science. The American Naturalist. G; Jones, D. L Bibcode : Natur. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : PNAS.. Plant Disease. Aeroponics Aquaponics Aquascaping Hydroponics passive. Algaculture Aquaculture of coral Aquaculture of sea sponges Controlled-environment agriculture Historical hydroculture Hydroponicum Paludarium Plant nutrition Plant propagation Rhizosphere Root rot Vertical farming Water aeration. Commons Wikibooks Wikiversity. Categories : Soil biology Plant roots Environmental soil science. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Rhizosphere

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Ризосфера — Википедия

Rhizosphere

Rhizosphere

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