Реферат: The Conflict Between Individual And State And

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The Grammatical Fiction In Darkness At Noon Essay, Research Paper
The Conflict Between the Individual and
the State and the Grammatical Fiction in Darkness At Noon
“The Party denied the free will of an individual-and
at the same time exacted his willing self-sacrifice.” The obvious contradiction
of the above definition of the Communist party is depicts the conflict
between the individual and the State in Arthur Koestler?s novel Darkness
at Noon. Koestler?s protagonist Nicolas Salamanovich Rubashov, devout communist
and former leader of the Communist party, falls victim to his own system
during the time of the Moscow trials. Accused and imprisoned for crimes
he did not commit, Rubashov is forced to choose between the ideology he
has faithfully followed for the past forty years of his life, or a new
found sense of self, which he calls the “grammatical fiction”.
During the beginning of Rubashov?s solitary
incarceration, he begins to doubt the infallibility of the Communist regime,
and for a time, views himself independent from the Party. Rubashov?s pulling
away from Communism is evident in his conversation with the examining magistrate,
Ivanov, during his first hearing. Rubashov addresses Ivanov?s collective
viewpoint with the developing views of his own:
“Your argument is somewhat anachronistic,”
said Rubashov. “As you quite rightly remarked, we were accustomed always
to use the plural ?we? and to avoid as far as possible the first person
singular. I have rather lost the habit of this form of speech; you stick
to it. But who is this ?we? in whose name you speak to-day? It needs re-defining.
Apart from the Party, Rubashov no longer
functions as part of the Communist unit, but rather as an individual. Within
communist doctrine the individual is only a piece of a larger system, and
for the true communist the pronoun ?I? is not even part of his or her vocabulary.
Rather, the personal ?I? is replaced by ?we?, which represents the Party.
The significance of Rubashov?s statement is that even his speech patterns,
a physical manifestation of one?s subconscious, display his self-detachment
from the Communist Party in that he has lost his ability to associate with
Over and over Rubashov is tormented by
the idea “I shall pay”, an unrest due to his uncertainty about the foundation
of Communism he has placed himself on. Shortly after his first hearing
he writes in his diary “The fact is: I no longer believe in my infallibility.
That is why I am lost.” It is evident that he is beginning to take personal
responsibility for the actions he has committed on behalf of the Party,
the people that he has betrayed and the seemingly absurd doctrines he has
readily submitted to. Both Rubashov?s mental disquiet, and his observable,
critical actions are owed to his new found recognition of himself as an
individual, a loophole in Communist doctrine.
All his life Rubashov had “burnt the remains
of the old illogical morality from his consciousness”, and was unaware
that ideas outside of those expressed by the Party had any logical basis.
He once thought that any other view was irrational and false. In his cell
waiting to be taken to his execution, Rubashov reflects on his former devotion
For in a struggle one must have both legs
firmly planted on the earth. The Party had taught one how to do it. The
infinite was a politically suspect quantity, and the “I” a suspect quality.
The Party did not recognize its existence. The definition of an individual
was a multitude of one million divided by one million.
As a Communist he had sacrificed his individuality
for the benefit of the Party, and forty years later he had lost the capability
to even think outside the lines of the Party?s dogmas. He had denied the
individual within himself, which is why he is confused at the emergence
of his “silent partner”, the free-thinking individual within himself. His
conscious self had been founded in the ?we?, until he was imprisoned. Facing
death, Rubashov realizes the destructiveness of a political system that
doesn?t account for the individual.
No longer confused by his apathy for the
Party, Rubashov?s final hours are marked by a fatalistic mindset and an
internal sense of peace. In Rubashov?s conversation with Ivanov during
Rubashov?s second hearing, Ivanov states: “The greatest temptaion for the
like of us is: to renounce violence, to repent, to make peace with oneself”.
Ivanov represents rubashov?s former viewpoint. However, no longer subject
to the repressive Communist order, Rubashov does find reconciliation with
He was a man who had lost his shadow, released
from every bond. He followed every thought to its last conclusion and acted
in accordance with it to the very end. The hours which remained to him
belonged to the silent partner, whose realm started just where logical
thought ended. He had christened it the ?grammatical fiction? with that
shamefacedness about the first person singular which the Party had inculcated
At this point Rubashov rests. The inner
turmoil he had from being torn between two avenues of thought had ceased.
He has realized the futility of the Party?s actions, and in his own way
repented of those actions by dissociating himself from the Party. Although
the Party had essentially banished Rubashov first, Rubashov?s conflict
had resulted from his mental loyalty for the System to which he fell victim.
Having lost his faith in Communism, Rubashov devotes the remaining part
of his life to the “grammatical fiction”, and finds contentment. Rubashov
is no longer afraid of death because death is imminent, and not even the
most logical thought or powerful dictator can alter the natural law of
death. After enduring emotional and mental torment, he realizes he has
“earned the right to sleep” and die peacefully.
Rubashov?s experiences in prison altered
his view of the communist system and upturned the faith he had for it.
The idea that a doctrine in which the individual is not accounted for becomes
an absurdity. The appearance of the grammatical fiction in Rubashov?s case,
is representative of the larger conflict between the individual and the
State. Rubashov?s experience is a microcosm of the people who suppressed
their own individual thought and reason for that of the Party and Stalinist
dictatorship. The idea expressed by Koestler in Darkness at Noon is that
the Communist system?s ultimate failure lies within its idea that the individual
is a “sacrificial lamb” for the Party. Instead, it is the individual that
is the essential factor in making a society. An individual can survive
without a government, but a government can not survive without the support
of the individual, and it is for this reason that no form of Communism
has ever reached the utopian peak in which Marx and Engles expressed in
The Manifesto of the Communist Party.

Название: The Conflict Between Individual And State And
Раздел: Топики по английскому языку
Тип: реферат
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