Реферат: Reform Judaism Essay Research Paper The roots
⚡ 👉🏻👉🏻👉🏻 ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ДОСТУПНА ЗДЕСЬ ЖМИТЕ 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
Reform Judaism Essay, Research Paper
The roots of Reform/Liberal/Progressive Judaism lie in Germany, where, between 1810 and 1820, congregations in Seesen, Hamburg, and Berlin instituted fundamental changes in traditional Jewish practices and beliefs, such as mixed seating, the use of German in services, single-day observance of festivals, and use of a cantor/choir.
American Reform Judaism began as these German “reformers” immigrated to American in the mid-1800s. Reform rapidly became the dominant belief systems of American Jews of the time. It was a national phenomenon. The first “Reform” group was formed by a number of individuals that split from Cong. Beth Elohim in Charleston SC.
According to an article in the Spring 1994 CCAR Journal, the following are early American Jewish congregations, and the dates they became Reform congregations:
Congregation City Date Became Reform
Bene Yeshurun (I.M. Wise) Cincinnati OH 1854
Adath Israel (The Temple) Louisville KY 1855
Bene Israel (Rockdale) Cincinnati OH 1855
Keneseth Israel Philadelphia PA 1856
Reform in American benefitted from the lack of a central religious authority. It also was molded by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise. Rabbi I.M. Wise came to the US in 1846 from Bohemia, spent eight years in Albany NY, and then moved to Cincinnati on the edge of the frontier. He then proceeded to…
Write the first siddur edited for American worshippers, Minhag American (1857)
Found the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1873
Found Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati in 1875
Found the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1889
Early Reform, led by Rabbis such as David Einhorn of Baltimore, Samuel Holdheim, Bernard Felsenthal, and Kaufmann Kohler, took an increasingly radical stance. Many rituals and customs were dropped, some congregations held “Shabbat” on Sunday. This early radicalism was mentioned in the 1855 Pittsburgh Platform (http://www.ccarnet.org/platforms/pittsburgh.html).
By 1880, over 90% of American Synagogues were Reform. This was the time of the major Eastern European immigration, which was heavily Orthodox and non-German, as contrasted with the strongly German Reform movement. Many Reform congregations of this time were difficult to distinguish from neighboring Protestant churches, with preachers in robes, pews with mixed seating, choirs, organs, and hymnals. Yet by 1935, Reform had started on the path of return to a more traditional approach to Judaism–distinctly Jewish and distinctly American, but also distinctively non-Christian.
Reform pioneered a number of Jewish organizations, such as the Educational Alliance on the Lower East Side of New York, the Young Men’s Hebrew Association, the American Jewish Committee, and the ADL of B’nai Brith.
Although early Reform dropped quite a bit of traditional prayers and rituals, there was still a “bottom line”. In 1909, the CCAR formally declared its opposition to intermarriage. And, although decried as “archaic” and “barbarian”, the practice of circumcision remained a central rite.
Early Reform was also anti-Zionist, believing the Diaspora was necessary for Jews to be “light unto the nations”. Yet with this, a number of Reform Rabbis were pioneers in establishing Zionism in American, such as Gustav and Richard Gottheil, Rabbi Steven S Wise (founder of the American Jewish Congress), and Justice Louis Brandeis. Following the Balfour Declaration, Reform began to support Jewish settlements in Palestine, as well as institutions such as Hadassah Hospital, and the Hebrew University. In 1937, the Columbus Platform (http://www.ccarnet.org/platforms/columbus.html) affirmed “the obligation of all Jewry to aid in building a Jewish homeland…”.
Since 1937, Reform has remained active on the social action front. It has also been moving back to tradition. This is described in more detail elsewhere in the FAQ.
[Much of this adapted from "The Jewish Almanac", Richard Siegel
Название: Reform Judaism Essay Research Paper The roots
Раздел: Топики по английскому языку
Тип: реферат
Добавлен 17:23:59 15 ноября 2010 Похожие работы
Просмотров: 2
Комментариев: 14
Оценило: 2 человек
Средний балл: 5
Оценка: неизвестно Скачать
Привет студентам) если возникают трудности с любой работой (от реферата и контрольных до диплома), можете обратиться на FAST-REFERAT.RU , я там обычно заказываю, все качественно и в срок) в любом случае попробуйте, за спрос денег не берут)
Да, но только в случае крайней необходимости.
Реферат: Reform Judaism Essay Research Paper The roots
Курсовая Работа На Тему Оперативный Менеджмент
Реферат: ENDANGERED SPECIES Essay Research Paper Endangered
Курсовая работа: Розробка технологічного процесу дільничної станції на підставі інтенсифікації станційних процесів
Контрольная Работа На Тему Маркетинговая Стратегия В Антикризисном Управлении. Роль Управленческого Аппарата В Условиях Кризиса Организации
Хирургические Заболевания Реферат
Курсовая Формирование Способностей
Курсовая работа по теме Фіскальна політика держави, її особливості в трансформаційній економіці України
Сочинение Мой Маленький Друг 3 Класс
Контрольная работа по теме Аналіз економічного стану США 2022-2022 рр.
Контрольная Работа На Тему Аудиторская Деятельность И Аудиторское Заключение
Реферат На Тему Заха Хадід - Єдина Жінка-Архітектор, Що Стала Лауреатом Премії Прітцкера
Реферат: The Impact Of Snowboarding On Retail Marketing
Курсовая работа: Расчёт железобетонных конструкций
Выполнение Контрольной Работы Это Действие С Информацией
Отчет по практике по теме Analysis of the Department of development of oil industry
Сочинение О Пушкине 2 Класс
Виды Массажа Реферат По Физкультуре
Курсовая работа по теме Совершенствование системы управления на примере предприятия СП ОАО 'Брестгазоаппарат'
Реферат по теме Характеристика отходов технических производств
План Сочинения Царевна Лягушка 5 Класс
Статья: Испанская живопись XVIII века
Дипломная работа: Эмиграционная ситуация в Ставропольском крае
Реферат: Сотовая сети связи в Мире и Новосибирске