Реферат: Joan Of Arc Essay Research Paper Events
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Events in the life of Joan of Arc (Jehanne Darc)
Events in Jehanne’s life Parallel events of the Hundred Years War
1412 (?), Jan 6 – Born at Domremy to Jacques Darc and Isabelle Rom?e
1413 – Death of Henry IV, accession of Henry V; Armagnacs gain control of Paris
1415 ?? – Birth of her childhood friend, Hauviette 1415 – Henry V invades France
1415, Sept 23 – English forces capture Harfleur
1415, Oct 25 – The French army is crushed at the battle of Agin?ourt
1417 – Henry V begins the conquest of Normandy; Jean-sans-Peur de Burgundy sets up a rival French government at Troyes
1418 – Jean-sans-Peur gains control of Paris; the Dauphin Charles flees south of the Loire
1419 – Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Armagnacs; his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English
1420 – Treaty of Troyes, allowing Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, and become king of France upon the latter’s death
1422 – Death of Henry V and Charles VI, producing a disputed kingship between the infant Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles VII; John, Duke of Bedford, becomes Regent of France
1422-1429 – English make slow gains in Northern France
1424 (?), Midsummer – First hears her Voices
1428, July – Takes refuge at Neufch?teau; Domremy is raided Campaign against Vaucouleurs by Antoine and Jean du Vergny
1428, October 12 – The English begin the siege of Orleans
1429, Jan-Feb – Returns to Vaucouleurs
1429, February – Visit to Nancy, meets with Charles II de Lorraine 1429, Feb 12 – Battle of Rouvray (”Battle of the Herrings”)
1429, March 4-5 – At St. Catherine de Fierbois
1429, c. March 9 – Meets with Charles VII
1429, early-March – March 21 – Examined by the theologians at Poitiers
1429, March 22 – Dictates her first letter to the English
1429, late March-April – At Tours and Blois
1429, April 25 – Leaves for Orleans
1429, April 28 – Arrives outside of Orleans; her army returns to Blois to gather reinforcements.
1429, night of April 28-29 – Sleeps at Ch?chy
1429, April 29 – Slips into Orleans
1429, April 30 – Consultation with the captains at Orleans; skirmish led by La Hire against the English in Saint Pouair; attempts by Jehanne to negotiate with the English
1429, May 1 – Dunois and d’Aulon set out for Blois; more attempts by Jehanne to negotiate / trade insults with the English
1429, May 2 – Inspects the English positions, hears Vespers at Orleans’ cathedral
1429, May 3 – Arrival of the French garrisons from Gien, Montargis, Ch?teau Reynard and Ch?teaudun
1429, May 4 – Dunois returns to Orleans with a reinforced army and launches an assault on the English-held Bastille de Saint Loup; Jehanne shows up and evidently encourages the French to victory, capturing Saint Loup and opening the eastern road into Orleans
1429, May 5 – Since this was Ascension Day, Jehanne declares a truce in honor of the holy day; orders the prostitutes to be expelled from the army’s camp; agrees to the attack planned for the next day; writes another letter to the English
1429, May 6 – French troops cross a pontoon bridge in preparation for an attack upon the Bastille de St. Jean le Blanc; the English fall back to the Bastille des Augustins. Jehanne and La Hire join the French troops at this point and lead them against the English, capturing Les Augustins. Jehanne steps on a caltrop and is wounded in the foot; that night she predicts a more serious wound to be suffered on the next day.
1429, May 7 – The French assault the English-held Bastille des Tourelles from 7 in the morning until around 9 in the evening. Jehanne is wounded by an arrow between the shoulder and neck; eventually returns to the battle and encourages the troops to make a final assault in which Les Tourelles is finally taken.
1429, May 8 – The English offer battle; Jehanne refuses to attack out of regard for the Sabbath. The English fall back to Meung.
1429, May 10 – Travels from Orleans to Tours
1429, May 10-11 – At Tours to meet with Charles VII; meanwhile, an army under Dunois, Poton de Saintraille and the Mar?chal de Sainte-S?v?re launches an unsuccessful attack on the English fortress of Jargeau
1429, May 24 – June 6 (?) – At Selles-en-Berri
1429, June 11-12 – Capture of Jargeau
1429, June 16-17 – Capture of Beaugency
1429, June 17 – Between Beaugency and Meung
1429, June 19-24 – At Orleans, Sully, St Benoit, and Ch?teauneuf
1429, July 5-12 (?) – Entry into Troyes
1429, July 14-15 – At Chalons-sur-Marne
1429, July 16-21 – At Reims for the coronation; Charles VII is crowned on July 17
1429, August 1 – At Montmirail-en-Brie
1429, August 7 – At Coulommiers and Ch?teau-Thierry
1429, August 10 – At La Fert? Milon
1429, August 11 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1429, August 13 – At Dammartin and Thieux
1429, August 14 – At Baron and Montepilloy
1429, August 14-15 – Battle of Montepilloy
1429, August 16-17 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1429, August 26 – September 8 – At St. Denis and La Chapelle
1429, September 8 – Attack on Paris; Jehanne is wounded in the thigh while trying to locate a spot for her troops to cross Paris’ inner ditch.
1429, September 9 – At La Chapelle and St. Denis
1429, September 10 and 13 – At St. Denis
1429, September 14-21 – At Lagny, Provins, Bray, Sens, Courtenay, Ch?teaurenard, Montargis, Gien
1429, October – At Meung-sur-Y?vre and Bourges
1429, October and early November – At St. Pierre-le-Moutier
1429, November 24 – Attack on La Charit?-sur-Loire
1429, early December – At Meung-sur-Y?vre
1429, December 25 (?) – At Jargeau ?
1429, December 29 – Ennobled along with her family, given a coat of arms and surname “du Lys”
1430, early April – At Lagny; battle of Lagny
1430, late April – At Senlis, Compi?gne, Berenglise, Ste Marguerite, Soissons, Cr?py-en-Valois
1430, May 14-15 – At Compi?gne and Pont l’Ev?que
1430, May 19(?) – 22 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1430, May 23 – At Compi?gne; assault on Margny; Jehanne captured.
1430, late May – July – Held prisoner at Beaulieu
1430, mid-July – mid-November – At Beaurevoir
1430, late November – At Arras, St Riquier, Drugy, and Le Crotoy
1430, December – At St Val?ry, Eu, Dieppe, and Rouen.
1430, December 25 (?) – Held in a tower at Rouen, where she would stay until May 30
1431, January 3 – Transferred to the custody of Bishop Cauchon
1431, January 9 – Beginning of the 1st trial (Trial of Condemnation)
1431, February 21 – First public session of the trial
1431, March 10-17 – Closed sessions of testimony
1431, April 18 – Admonished to recant
1431, May 19 – Reading of the University of Paris’ condemnation
1431, May 23 – Conclusion of the trial
1431, May 24 – Taken to a platform and threatened with execution; recants and is given the sentence of life in prison
1431, May 28 – Rejects her previous abjuration and accepts a death sentence.
1431, May 29 – The assessors vote to turn her over to secular justice
———————— Related events after her death ————————
1435, Sept 21 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII and Philippe-le-Bon de Burgundy, effectively dooming the English cause
1436 – Paris surrenders to the French
1450 – English driven out of Normandy; the process of retrying Joan of Arc’s case begins under the direction of Guillaume Bouill?
1450, March 4 & 5 – Preliminary witness depositions are taken, beginning with the testimony of Guillaume Manchon, one of the notaries at the original trial.
1452 – Joan of Arc’s retrial process continues under Cardinal d’Estouteville and Inquisitor Jean Br?hal
1452, May 2 & 3 – Five witnesses questioned.
1452, May 8 – More testimony, with depositions from seventeen witnesses
1453 – English driven out of Guyenne; most historians consider this to be the end of the “Hundred Years War”
1455, June 11 – Pope Calixtus III authorizes Jehanne’s mother, Isabelle, to open the suit
1455, November 7 – The opening session of the retrial (”Trial of Rehabilitation”), held at Notre Dame in Paris
1455, November through 1456, May – Witness testimony
1456, May 14 – The witness testimony is concluded
1456, June 2 – As no further evidence was submitted, the existing body of testimony was accepted into the record.
1456, June 5 – The counsel for the plaintiffs, Guillaume Pr?vosteau, submitted his documents to the tribunal
1456, June 10 – Final session during which all the various documents were collected.
1456, June 18 – The plaintiffs, in the form of Jehanne’s brother Jean Darc, the family’s lawyer, and the Promoter for the case, pay a visit to the commissioners, expressing the wish that the latter would speed up their final deliberations
1456, June 24 – Final call for any objections, with presentation of final evidence against Jehanne set for July 1
1456, July 2 – The plaintiffs formally ask the judges to annul the original verdict and declare Jehanne innocent.
1456, July 7, beginning at the hour of 8 am – Public announcement of the judgement of the court, in which the original verdict is thrown out and Joan of Arc is declared innocent.
————– Related events in our own era ————–
1903, February – Formal proposal for canonisation
1904, January – Pope Pius X awards her the title of “Venerable”
1920, May 16 – Canonised as a saint by Pope Benedict XV
Events in the life of Joan of Arc (Jehanne Darc)
Events in Jehanne’s life Parallel events of the Hundred Years War
1412 (?), Jan 6 – Born at Domremy to Jacques Darc and Isabelle Rom?e
1413 – Death of Henry IV, accession of Henry V; Armagnacs gain control of Paris
1415 ?? – Birth of her childhood friend, Hauviette 1415 – Henry V invades France
1415, Sept 23 – English forces capture Harfleur
1415, Oct 25 – The French army is crushed at the battle of Agin?ourt
1417 – Henry V begins the conquest of Normandy; Jean-sans-Peur de Burgundy sets up a rival French government at Troyes
1418 – Jean-sans-Peur gains control of Paris; the Dauphin Charles flees south of the Loire
1419 – Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Armagnacs; his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English
1420 – Treaty of Troyes, allowing Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, and become king of France upon the latter’s death
1422 – Death of Henry V and Charles VI, producing a disputed kingship between the infant Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles VII; John, Duke of Bedford, becomes Regent of France
1422-1429 – English make slow gains in Northern France
1424 (?), Midsummer – First hears her Voices
1428, July – Takes refuge at Neufch?teau; Domremy is raided Campaign against Vaucouleurs by Antoine and Jean du Vergny
1428, October 12 – The English begin the siege of Orleans
1429, Jan-Feb – Returns to Vaucouleurs
1429, February – Visit to Nancy, meets with Charles II de Lorraine 1429, Feb 12 – Battle of Rouvray (”Battle of the Herrings”)
1429, March 4-5 – At St. Catherine de Fierbois
1429, c. March 9 – Meets with Charles VII
1429, early-March – March 21 – Examined by the theologians at Poitiers
1429, March 22 – Dictates her first letter to the English
1429, late March-April – At Tours and Blois
1429, April 25 – Leaves for Orleans
1429, April 28 – Arrives outside of Orleans; her army returns to Blois to gather reinforcements.
1429, night of April 28-29 – Sleeps at Ch?chy
1429, April 29 – Slips into Orleans
1429, April 30 – Consultation with the captains at Orleans; skirmish led by La Hire against the English in Saint Pouair; attempts by Jehanne to negotiate with the English
1429, May 1 – Dunois and d’Aulon set out for Blois; more attempts by Jehanne to negotiate / trade insults with the English
1429, May 2 – Inspects the English positions, hears Vespers at Orleans’ cathedral
1429, May 3 – Arrival of the French garrisons from Gien, Montargis, Ch?teau Reynard and Ch?teaudun
1429, May 4 – Dunois returns to Orleans with a reinforced army and launches an assault on the English-held Bastille de Saint Loup; Jehanne shows up and evidently encourages the French to victory, capturing Saint Loup and opening the eastern road into Orleans
1429, May 5 – Since this was Ascension Day, Jehanne declares a truce in honor of the holy day; orders the prostitutes to be expelled from the army’s camp; agrees to the attack planned for the next day; writes another letter to the English
1429, May 6 – French troops cross a pontoon bridge in preparation for an attack upon the Bastille de St. Jean le Blanc; the English fall back to the Bastille des Augustins. Jehanne and La Hire join the French troops at this point and lead them against the English, capturing Les Augustins. Jehanne steps on a caltrop and is wounded in the foot; that night she predicts a more serious wound to be suffered on the next day.
1429, May 7 – The French assault the English-held Bastille des Tourelles from 7 in the morning until around 9 in the evening. Jehanne is wounded by an arrow between the shoulder and neck; eventually returns to the battle and encourages the troops to make a final assault in which Les Tourelles is finally taken.
1429, May 8 – The English offer battle; Jehanne refuses to attack out of regard for the Sabbath. The English fall back to Meung.
1429, May 10 – Travels from Orleans to Tours
1429, May 10-11 – At Tours to meet with Charles VII; meanwhile, an army under Dunois, Poton de Saintraille and the Mar?chal de Sainte-S?v?re launches an unsuccessful attack on the English fortress of Jargeau
1429, May 24 – June 6 (?) – At Selles-en-Berri
1429, June 11-12 – Capture of Jargeau
1429, June 16-17 – Capture of Beaugency
1429, June 17 – Between Beaugency and Meung
1429, June 19-24 – At Orleans, Sully, St Benoit, and Ch?teauneuf
1429, July 5-12 (?) – Entry into Troyes
1429, July 14-15 – At Chalons-sur-Marne
1429, July 16-21 – At Reims for the coronation; Charles VII is crowned on July 17
1429, August 1 – At Montmirail-en-Brie
1429, August 7 – At Coulommiers and Ch?teau-Thierry
1429, August 10 – At La Fert? Milon
1429, August 11 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1429, August 13 – At Dammartin and Thieux
1429, August 14 – At Baron and Montepilloy
1429, August 14-15 – Battle of Montepilloy
1429, August 16-17 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1429, August 26 – September 8 – At St. Denis and La Chapelle
1429, September 8 – Attack on Paris; Jehanne is wounded in the thigh while trying to locate a spot for her troops to cross Paris’ inner ditch.
1429, September 9 – At La Chapelle and St. Denis
1429, September 10 and 13 – At St. Denis
1429, September 14-21 – At Lagny, Provins, Bray, Sens, Courtenay, Ch?teaurenard, Montargis, Gien
1429, October – At Meung-sur-Y?vre and Bourges
1429, October and early November – At St. Pierre-le-Moutier
1429, November 24 – Attack on La Charit?-sur-Loire
1429, early December – At Meung-sur-Y?vre
1429, December 25 (?) – At Jargeau ?
1429, December 29 – Ennobled along with her family, given a coat of arms and surname “du Lys”
1430, early April – At Lagny; battle of Lagny
1430, late April – At Senlis, Compi?gne, Berenglise, Ste Marguerite, Soissons, Cr?py-en-Valois
1430, May 14-15 – At Compi?gne and Pont l’Ev?que
1430, May 19(?) – 22 – At Cr?py-en-Valois
1430, May 23 – At Compi?gne; assault on Margny; Jehanne captured.
1430, late May – July – Held prisoner at Beaulieu
1430, mid-July – mid-November – At Beaurevoir
1430, late November – At Arras, St Riquier, Drugy, and Le Crotoy
1430, December – At St Val?ry, Eu, Dieppe, and Rouen.
1430, December 25 (?) – Held in a tower at Rouen, where she would stay until May 30
1431, January 3 – Transferred to the custody of Bishop Cauchon
1431, January 9 – Beginning of the 1st trial (Trial of Condemnation)
1431, February 21 – First public session of the trial
1431, March 10-17 – Closed sessions of testimony
1431, April 18 – Admonished to recant
1431, May 19 – Reading of the University of Paris’ condemnation
1431, May 23 – Conclusion of the trial
1431, May 24 – Taken to a platform and threatened with execution; recants and is given the sentence of life in prison
1431, May 28 – Rejects her previous abjuration and accepts a death sentence.
1431, May 29 – The assessors vote to turn her over to secular justice
———————— Related events after her death ————————
1435, Sept 21 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII and Philippe-le-Bon de Burgundy, effectively dooming the English cause
1436 – Paris surrenders to the French
1450 – English driven out of Normandy; the process of retrying Joan of Arc’s case begins under the direction of Guillaume Bouill?
1450, March 4 & 5 – Preliminary witness depositions are taken, beginning with the testimony of Guillaume Manchon, one of the notaries at the original trial.
1452 – Joan of Arc’s retrial process continues under Cardinal d’Estouteville and Inquisitor Jean Br?hal
1452, May 2 & 3 – Five witnesses questioned.
1452, May 8 – More testimony, with depositions from seventeen witnesses
1453 – English driven out of Guyenne; most historians consider this to be the end of the “Hundred Years War”
1455, June 11 – Pope Calixtus III authorizes Jehanne’s mother, Isabelle, to open the suit
1455, November 7 – The opening session of the retrial (”Trial of Rehabilitation”), held at Notre Dame in Paris
1455, November through 1456, May – Witness testimony
1456, May 14 – The witness testimony is concluded
1456, June 2 – As no further evidence was submitted, the existing body of testimony was accepted into the record.
1456, June 5 – The counsel for the plaintiffs, Guillaume Pr?vosteau, submitted his documents to the tribunal
1456, June 10 – Final session during which all the various documents were collected.
1456, June 18 – The plaintiffs, in the form of Jehanne’s brother Jean Darc, the family’s lawyer, and the Promoter for the case, pay a visit to the commissioners, expressing the wish that the latter would speed up their final deliberations
1456, June 24 – Final call for any objections, with presentation of final evidence against Jehanne set for July 1
1456, July 2 – The plaintiffs formally ask the judges to annul the original verdict and declare Jehanne innocent.
1456, July 7, beginning at the hour of 8 am – Public announcement of the judgement of the court, in which the original verdict is thrown out and Joan of Arc is declared innocent.
————– Related events in our own era ————–
1903, February – Formal proposal for canonisation
1904, January – Pope Pius X awards her the title of “Venerable”
1920, May 16 – Canonised as a saint by Pope Benedict XV
Название: Joan Of Arc Essay Research Paper Events
Раздел: Топики по английскому языку
Тип: реферат
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