Redhead Incest

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Redhead Incest
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Red hair can look like a curse or a gift. Once red hair seemed to be a sign of a witch and red women were burned at the stake. Today, blonde hair seems very beautiful, and they are rare. No one thinks about witchcraft anymore, but there are other interesting things about redheads that no one knows about. Meet them and you can surprise your red-haired acquaintances. You may…
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What do Napoleon Bonaparte, Oliver Cromwell, and Thomas Jefferson have in common? Besides the obvious similarity as heads-of-state, all three had red hair.
Hair color ranges from platinum blond to ebony, due to levels of pigments produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. Those with dark hair have cells that produce a pigment called eumelanin, and those with blond or red hair have cells that produce pheomelanin. The relative ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin determines a person’s hair color. A complete absence of both pigments leads to white hair color.
The gene responsible for determining hair color is called the Melanocortin 1 Receptor, or MC1R. If the MC1R gene is active, it produces eumelanin and a person will have darker skin and hair. If the MC1R gene does not function (i.e. it is blocked or inactivated), the melanocytes will produce pheomelanin instead of eumelanin. A person with a malfunctioning MC1R gene will have blond or red hair, due to the lack of eumelanin, along with freckles. MC1R gene mutations are seen in all ethnicities.
My husband and son carry MC1R polymorphisms, and display the red hair phenotype.
The MC1R gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 16. Its official location is 16q24.3, and is 3,098 base pairs in length. Depending on the specific mutation (known as a polymorphism in the language of genetics), hair color will range from strawberry blond to auburn. The MC1R gene encodes a protein made up of 317 amino acids. Over 35 sites on the gene have been identified with polymorphisms, and only a small number of these mutations cause red hair shades.
red hair, pale skin, increased melanoma risk
red hair, pale skin, increased melanoma risk
red hair, pale skin, increased melanoma risk
Weak red hair gene, increased melanoma risk
Weak red hair gene, increased melanoma risk
Weak red hair gene, increased melanoma risk
Red hair is recessive, which means a person may have brown hair, and carry the “red gene” without expressing the hair color. A person must have two copies of the recessive gene to express the trait. The chances of having a child with red hair depend on the genes of the parents. For simplicity’s sake, the various polymorphisms in the MC1R gene will be called the “red hair gene.” The red hair gene will be labeled as a lowercase r in the charts below and brown hair will be labeled with an upper case R.
In the first scenario, two parents have brown hair and do not carry any polymorphisms on the MC1R gene. In other words, neither of the parents is a carrier for the red hair gene. None of their children will have red hair, unless a new mutation arises spontaneously. These parents have almost no chance of having a child with red hair, unless a de novo mutation were to arise.
In the second scenario, both parents have brown hair, but carry a red-hair causing gene. These parents are both called “carriers” of the gene. In this case, the parents will have a 25% chance of having a child with brown hair who does not carry the red gene. They have a 50% chance of having a child with brown hair who carries the red gene. There is a 25% chance that the parents will have a child with red hair.
A third possibility involves a parent with red hair and a parent with brown hair. The parent with brown hair in this case is not a carrier of the red gene. Each of the children will have one allele for the red hair gene, and will be carriers of the gene. None of the children, however, will display the physical trait of having red hair.
In a fourth scenario, one parent has red hair and the other has brown hair, but is a carrier of the red gene. There is a 50% chance that the children will have red hair, and a 50% chance that the children will be brown-haired carriers of the red gene.
This is the scenario in my own family: I have brown hair and probably do not carry red-causing MC1R polymorphisms. My husband, however, has the classic red hair phenotype. One of my sons is blond, and the other has strawberry blond hair.
The last case includes two parents with red hair: in this situation, all of the children would have the same phenotype as the parents. The children will all have red hair, since neither parent has the dominant "brown hair" MC1R genotype. In some cases, different polymorphisms (alleles) may be inherited from each parent. This scenario is common in locations where red hair is a common occurrence: primarily in Scotland and Ireland.
The MC1R gene is expressed in many cells, and is responsible for more than hair color. MC1R plays a role in inflammatory response, pain sensitivity, and the immune system. The far reaching effects of the MC1R gene are listed below:
Redheads have an increased risk for melanoma, as the melanocytes in people with red hair do not produce the protective eumelanin pigment. Unfortunately, the risk of cancer is increased even when there is no exposure to sunlight , so those with red hair should have regular check-ups with a dermatologist to monitor any skin changes. It is important to note that people who have dark skin and MC1R mutations are also at risk for skin cancer.
People who have red hair are more sensitive to pain caused by burns and freezing than people with brown hair. Studies performed by Edwin B. Liem at the National Institutes of Health demonstrated an increased sensation of pain caused by thermal changes, and an increased need for anesthetic. Redheads required 19% more anesthetic than their brown haired counterparts. Interestingly, those with red hair demonstrate a reduced sensitivity to stinging pain (the type of pain encountered when receiving an injection). The MC1R gene affects the binding of endorphins, which are the body’s natural painkillers.
A map showing the density of light-eyed people in Western Europe. Melanoma risk increases for those who produce less eumelanin.
The most common modern stereotype about redheads is that red hair comes with a fiery, feisty personality. Earlier in history, redheads faced more dangerous beliefs about their red hair. In ancient Egypt, redheads were burned alive as a sacrifice to the god Osiris. Their ashes were blown over agricultural fields by winnowing fans and used as fertilizer for the season’s crops. Early Egyptians regarded red hair as an unlucky trait.
In the middle ages, those with red hair could be labeled as witches or vampires. The Malleus Maleficarum (a report on witches in the Middle Ages) states, “Those whose hair is red, of a certain peculiar shade, are unmistakably vampires.”
Some people do not come by their red hair via the MC1R gene. One type of albinism (type 3, or rufous albinism) demonstrates a phenotype of red hair and ruddy skin. This form of albinism is most common in New Guinea and Africa.
Severe malnutrition can lead to a condition known as kwashiorkor – the deprivation of protein and calories from an individual’s diet will lead to failure to thrive, edema, excessive hair growth, and depigmentation, along with the development of red hair. The Biblical story of Esau is fascinating in this regard, because the Bible describes Esau as covered in red hair. As the story goes, Esau sold his birthright as the first-born son to his younger twin, in exchange for a bowl of soup. While the story is intended to demonstrate the hazards of placing material desires over a spiritual blessing, one has to wonder if Esau was simply suffering from the effects of kwashiorkor.
Proopiomelanocortin deficiency (POMC) is a genetic disease resulting in obesity, adrenal insufficiency, and red hair . Children with this genetic disorder exhibit early onset severe obesity and striking red hair, due to the effects the POMC gene has on ACTH production and the influence this gene has on the phaeomelanin:eumelanin ratio in cells.
There are various nicknames used around the world for those who have red hair. Sometimes the nicknames are affectionate, but many of the nicknames are used as insults.
Ranga: An Australian nickname for people with red hair. The word is a shortened version of the word orangutan.
Ginger: A name used for redheads, most commonly used in the U.K. The cartoon series South Park satirized the persecution of redheads with a genocidal campaign against "ginger people."
Carrot Top: A nickname often used in the United States, comparing red hair to the color of carrots.
Koakage: The Japanese word for redheads - the word "akage" indicates the red hair and the prefix "ko" for something small or cute.
News reports reported on the imminent extinction of redheads in August 2007 . Like many other myths circulating on the internet, the reports were incorrect. Based on the incorrect assumption that recessive genes will "die out" over time, the news reports stated that the gene for red hair would be gone by the year 2060. The reports supposedly came from the Oxford Hair Foundation, but no such scientific entity exists. The Oxford Hair Foundation manufactures beauty products and is not an academic facility. The claim that redheads are going extinct is completely false: recessive genes may become rare, but will not disappear from the human genome. Red hair will exist well beyond the year 2060!
Question: I have strawberry blonde hair. Are the genetic characteristics of a redhead and a strawberry blonde the same?
Answer: The same gene is responsible for strawberry blonde hair and for red hair. The MC1R genetic mutations allow for the expression of pheomelanin, which causes the red color. Different alleles and other hair color genes will determine how dark this red color appears, so some people will appear to have strawberry blonde hair, some will have red-orange hair, and others may be auburn. There are over 30 variants on the MC1R gene known to result in red hair, and differing combinations of these alleles will result in different levels of expression.
Question: My mom said that I was born with fire engine red hair. Now it’s brown with red highlights in the sun. Am I still considered a redhead?
Answer: This is a common hair coloration pattern in red-heads. Many red-heads have both copies of a mutation in the MC1R gene and express little eumelanin (blond hair), allowing the red hair to be obvious. As some people age, the amount of eumelanin increases, causing the "blond" hair to become brown, which masks the redness of the hair. My husband is very similar - he had bright red hair as a child, but as he aged his hair darkened.
Question: My hair was super coppery as a child. My Mom and Dad's family are both mostly Irish. His hair was dirty blonde, her's auburn. She has red-headed siblings, but he does not. In the summer my hair becomes extremely copper, especially in the sunlight. Am I considered a redhead even if the sun helps to an extent?
Answer: It is very likely you carry some mutations on the MC1R gene, even if you don't have both copies or show frank red hair. If your hair appears blond or brown most of the time, then you would likely be identified as having that color hair. Some people would say, "blond with red highlights," "strawberry blond," or "auburn" when describing this hair color.
Question: What would happen in a situation where 1 parent has red hair and one has blond hair? Would that pretty much be the same as 2 red-haired parents or would it just make a strawberry blonde more likely?
Answer: The answer to your question is dependent upon the actual genetic mutations found on the MC1R gene. If the blond-haired parent has no mutations on the MC1R gene, the child would only inherit any MC1R mutations from one parent. This would make the child a carrier, and more likely to be blond than have red hair. Genetics, however, is very complicated and if the blond parent is a carrier for mutations on the MC1R gene, then the child could obtain mutations from both parents and have red hair.
The only way to determine the exact probability of the child's hair color would be to know the parent's genotype.
Question: I am an African American with two full African American parents. Neither of them has red hair, but each has a redhead somewhere in their history. Would I be considered mutated, or were they both carriers? My kids have strands of red hair, as does my brother. We have the same mom, but a different dad. Would it come from my mom if it's being passed on?
Answer: It is highly likely that your parents both carried a mutation on the MC1R gene and passed it on to you. It is fascinating that your children also have red hair strands and your brother (who shares only one parent with you) have red hair, too. While it is impossible to guess at the exact genetics without having a full sequence of your MC1R gene, I wonder if you are a compound heterozygote, with one copy of several different alleles on the gene. It is also possible that both fathers carried a mutation on the MC1R gene.
Question: I have Auburn hair. After taking a DNA test, I was given the result that my phenotype was blonde. Confused, I looked closer and found that I have one copy of red hair (my dad was a redhead) and a copy of blonde (presumably from my mother). How is it then possible that my phenotype and genotype are so different? How can I have red hair if I'm not a dual gene carrier?
Answer: The DNA tests currently offered for the consumer market only test for three alleles of the MC1R gene, and over 30 alleles are known to geneticists. Since the over-the-counter tests do not test for all known variants, the "DNA test" can only tell you that you didn't test positive for both variants of the three most common alleles. It is quite possible you have a variant to one of the other 27+ alleles currently known, but the family tree, ancestry, and heritage DNA kits do not test for all of these. In other words, they really can't tell you your genotype because they only test for a limited number of alleles.
Question: I'm strawberry blonde with blue eyes, am I really a ginger? So many people call me a ginger, but as soon as I started calling myself that name, people disagreed. What am I if redhead doesn't define me?
Answer: The term "ginger" is often used to describe people with red or light red hair. The etymology of the word does come from the ginger plant. While the root is the most commonly used portion of the plant in the west, the plant has a brilliant red flower. In the late 18th century to the early 19th century, roosters with red combs and people with red hair were called "ginger." Since the degree of redness in your hair is a subjective determination, people might agree or disagree with whether you fit the description of someone with red hair.

The red ginger plant, however, was not common in Europe at the time the term originated, so it is also possible that the term initially referred to a sandy blonde or strawberry blonde individual (similar to the ginger root). We cannot be certain as to the origin of the term "ginger," and since hair color lies on a gradient, you should call yourself what you are most comfortable with. Some people may find the term offensive.
Question: My hair is platinum blond, my boyfriend's hair is strawberry blond. What would our children's hair color be?
Answer: If your children only receive one copy of a mutation for the MC1R gene, they will likely have blond hair. You would both need to be carriers for a mutation on the MC1R gene for your children to have red hair. If you are a carrier and your boyfriend has red hair, your children would have an approximately 50% chance of having red hair.
Question: My husband and I were both born with blonde hair and our second born has red hair. How does that work when we would both have recessive blonde genes?
Answer: The genes that code for blonde or dark hair are completely separate from the gene that codes for the appearance of red hair. One set of genes codes for the amount of eumelanin produced (which determines if your hair is dark or light) and the MC1R gene codes for how much pheomelanin you produce (which determines if your hair is red or not). You can both carry one recessive allele for red hair on the MC1R gene, but not display the red hair trait since you only are a heterozygote. If your son inherits both copies on the red hair gene, he will display red hair.
Question: I don't know what kind of color hair I have. I know my hair is red, but it also has lots of other highlights. The highlights are all natural or done by the sun - is this normal?
Answer: Red hair comes in a variety of shades depending on the specific mutations you have, so highlights and varying shades are completely normal. The sun often bleaches hair, and may alter the perceived color.
Question: Could a black haired couple produce a red haired child?
Answer: It is theoretically possible for a black haired couple to have a child with red hair, though not likely as dark hair color is dominant and generally masks the appearance of red hair. In this case, the child often has auburn hair. If each parent with dark hair contributes recessive genes for blonde hair color in addition to genes on the MC1R gene, they could have a child with red hair.
Question: How can you tell if you're a carrier of the gene using "23 and Me"?
Answer: Genetic tests like "23 and Me" and "Ancestry" often offer to test for some physical genetic traits, like variances on the MC1R gene that can cause red hair. These tests are limited, however, as these commercially available tests typically the only test for three different alleles on the gene. There are more than 30 known variances that can cause red hair, so testing for the three most common variants may show a "negative" for having red hair, even in a person that physically has red hair! In short, these tests may be able to show you if you are a carrier of the most common alleles on the gene that causes red hair, but they do not test for all possible genetic variants.
Question: Are redheads born with red hair?
Answer: In general, most people who have red hair would show the trait at birth. Some people have the genotype for red hair in addition to genes coding for dark hair (more eumelanin production). In this case, the red hair would be "masked" by the dark hair and the person would appear to have auburn or brown/black hair.
Question: My red hair turned brown in my 40's. While my hair turned brown, there are maybe 5% of the strands that are still totally copper and even a few in the front that looks gold. Now in my 60's, I have found a few gray in the mix as well. Is that odd to have so many different genes turning off or on independently? Why is this happening?
Answer: Many red-heads find that their hair darkens over time. The amount of "red" in the hair doesn't actua
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