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Do you ever get confused trying to differentiate between two X-ray tubes?
X-ray tubes are critical components you’ll find in an X-ray machine , and while their function is crucial to producing quality X-ray images, they often are of different types. Admittedly, the different types of X-ray tubes available in the industry today come with their merits and demerits. Nonetheless, they are usually employed for specific uses suitable for certain sample inspections. But here is the thing, identifying these different types of X-ray tubes can be challenging.
This post aims to help you identify between different X-ray tube types that are available to you whether you are looking to purchase one or not. So, if you are ready to know more, let’s dive in together.
X-ray tubes are the radiation production component in an X-ray machine, and they produce this radiation through a process known as thermionic emission. This process involves the release of electrons by applying an electric current, which generates the heat that releases the electrons. But these X-ray tubes come in different designs and capacities that enhance their radiation production abilities. Here are the different X-ray tube types available in the industry today.
➤ Related Article: X-Ray Tube Parts
When assessing the capability of your X-ray machine, one critical factor you may have to consider is the type of X-ray tube that will give you the required combination of voltage and amperage for a high-resolution X-ray image. Perhaps the most popular consideration in this field is using an open X-ray tube or a sealed X-ray tube. However, these two options of X-ray tubes have their pros and cons worth comparing.
The open X-ray tube often produces X-ray images with good resolution, especially for low-density samples. Also, it can deliver high image magnification that is good for a more accurate inspection and failure analysis. Moreover, the cost of open X-ray tube source components is often high compared to that of sealed X-ray tubes. Using an open X-ray tube can include high image repeatability, high initial costs, and high system reliability.
On the other hand, the sealed X-ray tubes present the following benefits: an optimized resolution for tightly arranged sample components and high image repeatability. Also, it has a low initial cost and a high level of system reliability.
Nonetheless, the sealed X-ray tubes are not without their cons. The demerits of this X-ray tube include low resolution when examining low-density materials and low magnification for accurate quality assessment. Lastly, the sealed X-ray tube often costs more when replacing its source components.
In conclusion, knowing the different types of X-ray tubes available gives you the benefit of choosing the most suitable X-ray tube to meet your desired X-ray image quality and inspection result accuracy. Also, this knowledge can help you choose the most economical X-ray tube, both long term, and short term, as maintenance and replacement costs can also become significant over the years if you choose the wrong X-ray tube. However, identifying your inspection requirements, including material size, density, and geometry, will be the first step to selecting the right X-ray tube.
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X-ray tube , also called Roentgen tube , evacuated electron tube that produces X rays by accelerating electrons to a high velocity with a high-voltage field and causing them to collide with a target, the anode plate. The tube consists of a source of electrons, the cathode , which is usually a heated filament, and a thermally rugged anode , usually of tungsten , which is enclosed in an evacuated glass envelope. The voltage applied to accelerate the electrons is in the range of 30 to 100 kilovolts. The X-ray tube functions on the principle that X rays are produced wherever electrons moving at very high speeds strike matter of any kind. Only about 1 percent of the electron energy is converted to X rays. Because X rays can penetrate solid substances to varying degrees, they are applied in medicine and dentistry, in the exploration of the structure of crystalline materials, and in research. The X-ray tube design that became the prototype for subsequent devices was invented by the American engineer William D. Coolidge in 1913.

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Last revised by Dr Arpan K Banerjee on 11 Mar 2022
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1. Perry Sprawls. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging. (1995) ISBN: 0944838545 2. Taubin M, Platonov V, Yaskolko A. X-Ray Tube Cathodes of Medical Purpose. Biomed Eng. 2009;43(1):48-50. doi:10.1007/s10527-009-9078-8 3. Dowdey, James E., Murry, Robert C., Christensen, Edward E., 1929-. Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology. (1990) ISBN: 0812113101 4. Flohr T & Ohnesorge B. Multi-Slice CT Technology. Multi-slice and Dual-source CT in Cardiac Imaging. :41-69. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49546-8_3 5. Uwe Busch (Ed) Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen A Shining Life for Science (2022) Birkhauser imprint of Springer ISBN: 9783030722425 - Google Books

Related articles: Imaging technology

Figure 1: x-ray tube Figure 1: x-ray tube
Figure 2: x-ray tube schematic Figure 2: x-ray tube schematic
Figure 3: x-ray tube diagram Figure 3: x-ray tube diagram
Figure 4: Coolidge tube Figure 4: Coolidge tube
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An x-ray tube functions as a specific energy converter, receiving electrical energy and converting it into two other forms of energy: x-radiation (1%) and heat (99%). Heat is considered the undesirable product of this conversion process; therefore x-radiation is created by taking the energy from the electrons and converting it into photons . This very specific energy conversion takes place in the x-ray tube.
NB: This article is about the modern vacuum tube. For the first twenty years after Roentgen's discovery, all tubes were of the gas type .
The x-ray tube contains two principal elements:
The filament/cathode and target/anode are contained in the envelope, which provides vacuum, support and electrical insulation. The envelope is most often made from glass, although some tubes contain envelopes formed from ceramic or even metal. For some demanding application, such as dual energy CT, rotating envelope tubes (RET) are used. Unlike conventional x-ray tubes, in rotating envelope tubes, not only the anode, but the entire vacuum tube rotates, furthermore, the anode is in direct contact with the liquid coolant, resulting in improved heat conduction and increased performance 4 .
The energy used for this process is provided from a generator, connected by an electrical circuit connected to the x-ray tube. The generator also needs to convert the mains supplied alternating current (AC), into direct current (DC), as needed by the x-ray tube. The reason for this is to ensure a constant unidirectional flow of electrons from the positive charged cathode to negatively charged anode.
The quality and the quantity of the x-radiation are controlled by adjusting the electrical parameters ( kV – tube voltage (potential difference applied across the tube), mA – tube current (flows through the tube) and exposure time, usually a fraction of a second.
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To summarize, x-rays are produced in a standard way: by heating a filament, which releases electrons by thermionic emission , accelerating electrons with a high voltage and allowing them to collide with the focal spot on the target/anode. X-rays are produced via two interactions in the anode.
Bremsstrahlung x-rays (German for "braking") - electrons lose kinetic energy as they pass through atoms in the anode because they are attracted to the positively charges nuclei. The closer to the nucleus the electron passes, the more kinetic energy it loses and it is deflected to continue moving in another direction at lower energy, or stopped altogether. This is where maximum kinetic energy is transferred to the production of an x-ray that is emitted from the anode.
If electrons possess an energy that is equivalent to, or greater than, the binding energy of the orbiting electrons in target atoms, these electrons are likely to be ejected from the atom. This most often occurs in the inner electron shell (K-shell). The ejected electron is known as a photoelectron. The vacancy left in the K-shell must be filled in order for the atom to remain stable (law of conservation of energy) so outer shell electrons drop down to fill the shell. This process of electron transfer between shells produces x-rays that are "characteristic" of the binding energies of that particular atom/material, hence the name.
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Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays using a Crookes tube in 1895. Until the invention of the Coolidge tube in 1913, all x-ray tubes were based on the Crookes or cold cathode gas tube technology. From the late 1910s onwards there was a rapid replacement of gas tubes by the far more effective Coolidge tubes.
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X-ray tubes come in many different shapes, sizes, materials, and configurations depending on their ultimate end application, but all X-ray tubes share some common anatomy. In the analysis space, there are tubes specialized for X-ray Fluorescence , X-ray Diffraction, and online process control of all kinds. There are also tubes for many different kinds of imaging applications, from checking bond wires inside electronic components to looking at recently biopsied tissue samples to verifying fill levels in opaque canned and bottled goods. Every tube MXR makes is tailored to your specific end application, but the building blocks of the tubes are universal. In this edition of X-ray Sources 101, we’ll look at the parts of an X-ray tube that you’ll find, no matter the application.
All X-ray tubes need a source of electrons, and this can be found on the cathode side of the tube. Cathode side configuration will vary from tube to tube, but will always include an electron source and some sort of focusing elements. In the case of the most simple filament tube, the cathode side consists of just a filament and passive focusing cup at the ground potential. At the other extreme, the cathode may contain a cathode emitter, beam shields, and several focusing grids at various voltages to assist with electron extraction and beam shaping.
Just as all X-ray tubes need an electron source, they also need a target for those electrons to hit. Most MXR sources use reflection-style anodes, which are a combination of a thin target material disk and copper heatsink. There are a variety of different target materials that produce different X-ray spectra (we’ll cover the topic in a later issue), but in principle X-rays are created in the same way regardless of target material (that mechanism, too, will be the topic of a later issue). The target disk is generally bonded to a large piece of copper which acts to remove the heat generated in the spot and direct it away from the target material.
A window is where the useful X-rays exit the tube. An individual X-ray is emitted in a random direction based on the interaction between the electron beam and the target material electron that it collides with. X-rays are generated in a spherical pattern around the target, with half of the sphere being directed back into the target material, and half of the sphere extending outwards from the target material. Some amount of the X-rays generated are directed towards the X-ray tube’s window. Beryllium is a desirable window material due to its position as the lowest Z metal, allowing for a tight vacuum seal, mechanical robustness, and minimal X-ray attenuation. In some cases other materials may be used where the attenuation of low energy flux due to the window is not important.
Micro X-Ray designs and manufactures X-ray tubes and X-ray sources entirely in our California facility. Our X-ray sources provide best-in-class performance for a wide variety of applications. We offer packaged tubes in various configurations and geometries, with customizable power levels, target materials, spot geometries, integrated shielding, and integrated cooling options tailored to your application and environment. Whether you are a large OEM, system integrator, repair facility, or university, we welcome the opportunity to discuss your specific X-ray tube requirements.
Our support Hotline is available 24 Hours a day: +1 831-208-3919 370 Encinal Street, Suite 200 Santa Cruz, CA 95060
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