R-Play Ipa
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R-Play Ipa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless alveolar trill .
"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the English r sound often transcribed /r/ for convenience, see Postalveolar approximant . For other r -like consonants, see Rhotic consonant .
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental , alveolar , and postalveolar trills is ⟨ r ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r . It is commonly called the rolled R , rolling R , or trilled R . Quite often, ⟨ r ⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In many Indo-European languages , a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. [1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian , Spanish , Cypriot Greek , and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects. [ citation needed ]
People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues. [2] [3]
Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
In Czech , there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r , there is another laminal trill, written ř , in words such as rybá ř i [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvo ř ák . Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised . It is thus partially fricative , with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ] , and non-native speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ] , [ɾʒ] , or [ɹʒ] . In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨ r ⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨ r̝ ⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨ r̻ ⟩. [42] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention , it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ ɼ ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-87022-070-5
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded
Laminal dental. See Hungarian phonology
Palatalized . The language's two other rhotic phonemes, /rˠ/ ( velarized ) and /rʷ/ ( rounded ), are post-alveolar .
Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization. [9] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology
May be a tap [ ɾ ] instead. [10] See Afrikaans phonology
More commonly [ ɾ ~ ɹ ] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against [ɾ] , which occurs medially and finally. See Bengali phonology
Dominant in and around Léon and Morbihan while many other dialects have adopted the voiced uvular fricative . See Breton phonology
Contrasts with /r̝/ ; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Corresponds to much more back [ ʁ ~ ʕ ] in standard Danish. See Danish phonology
Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ ɾ ~ ɹ ] in others. See English phonology
Some dialects under Welsh influence. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others.
Allophone of /r/ . Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant. [17] See Modern Greek phonology
Allophone of /ɾ/. See Japanese phonology .
May be postalveolar approximant [ ɹ̠ ], or more commonly, flap [ɾ] . See Malay phonology
Almost always [ ɾ ] . See Polish phonology
Contrasts with /ɾ/ . Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R .
Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr , or before consonants d , t , l , n , s ; otherwise a voiced alveolar tap . Contrasts with /ɾʲ/ and /ɾ/ intervocally and word-finally. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
May be a tap , particularly when not syllabic.
Also described as tap [ ɾ ] , [30] and variable between trill [r] and tap [ ɾ ] . [31] See Slovene phonology
Contrasts with /ɾ/ . See Spanish phonology
Allophone of the more common [ɾ] , especially with more conservative speakers . [33] See Tagalog phonology
Contrasts with the alveolar approximant [ ɹ ] as spoken in Bangkok.
More commonly a flap [ ɾ ] ; can be uvular [ ɢ̆ ~ ʀ ] instead. [34] See Yiddish phonology
Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/ .
Contrasts with /ɾ/ . See Catalan phonology
Allophone of /l/ , medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [ l ] instead. [37]
/rˠ/ is velarized and /rʷ/ is rounded . Another rhotic phoneme in the language, /rʲ/ , is dental and palatalized .
Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology
Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a tap instead. [41] See Standard German phonology
May be a non-sibilant fricative . [44] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/ . See Czech phonology
Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area. [48]
Amount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap [ citation needed ]
Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/ . Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork [49] and those south, west and northwest of them, [49] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo , [49] south and east of Wieleń , [49] around Wołomin , [49] southeast of Ostrów Mazowiecka [49] and west of Siedlce , [49] from Brzeg to Opole and areas to the north, [49] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ . [49] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish merge it with /ʐ/ , [49] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well. [49] See Polish phonology
Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r] . [50] See Portuguese phonology
Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/ . Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects.
Only in a few dialects near the Polish border. [49] See Slovak phonology
/ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.
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