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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to study the factors responsible for drug addiction amongst the inmates of Tabriz and Qom prisons, to further understand the reasons for drug abuse particularly in the young and find improved methods for combating these widespread problems. Methods: A multi-choice questionnaire was provided to inmates to potentially assess the reasons for their drug addiction psychiatric, personal, social, economical, and political factors were thought to be implicated. Two hundred drug addicted prisoners were individually interviewed randomly in both Tabriz and Qom prisons. Results: The results showed that the following factors could lead to drug addiction e. There were significant differences between Tabriz and Qom prisoners in relation to age, starting age of addiction, job, income, education, class of addiction, marital status, and hobbies. Mean age, mean starting age of addiction, poverty, alcohol drinking before addiction, marital status, heroin addiction, codeine and benzodiazepines abuse were significantly greater for Tabriz prisoners than those of Qom. Conclusion: It is clear that the governmental programs for reducing unemployment, creation of safe hobbies, proper control on drug dispensing in the pharmacies, proper birth control programs, and encouragement to higher education could alleviate addiction problem in Iran. Besides the improvement in technology and science, and in spite of the benefits on socioeconomics and amelioration of life facilities new problems such as new diseases have arisen. Nowadays, we have been able to overcome many problems including eradicating many diseases such as smallpox and polio. However, there are many other obstacles in the way of reaching a healthy lifestyle eg drug addiction and subsequently some incurable diseases like HIV and hepatitis C. Addiction is a psychological and behavioral syndrome characterized by an intense desire for the drug and overwhelming concern about its continued availability. Addiction or substance dependence unlike tolerance and physical dependence is not a predictable response to exposure for reward-producing drugs but may occur in biologically and psychologically susceptible individuals. Few reports have shown that the pattern of drug abuse has started to change from opium to other drugs. However, some other studies have shown opium to be the most frequent substance abused in Iran. Despite this legislation, the use of illegal substances has continued as a hidden activity associated with social disapproval and stigma. On the other hand a consequence of drug trafficking from the opium producing areas of Afghanistan and Central Asia to Europe through Iran, may be increasing the availability of opium which could influence the prevalence of opium usage in Iran. Three hundred thirty-nine 8. Bragger et al 27 suggested that individual characteristics of adolescents are also involved in the onset of substance abuse. The objective of this study was to show the differences between the two main cities of Iran regarding demographic, social, and behavioral risk factors. Two hundred drug addicted prisoners 23 females and males , aged between 18 and 65 years median 30 were individually interviewed at random in both Tabriz and Qom prisons each prison. Qom is a religious city of Iran, the capital of Qom Province, in the south of Tehran, with an estimated population of 1,, in Tabriz and Qom prisons comprise of males and 87 females and males and 60 females addicted inmates respectively. The majority of the inmates recruited for the study chose not to participate. The inmates were selected for participation in the study from May to September, They were free to choose to attend the survey or not. Demographic and background characteristics of the sample are described in Table 1. The proportions of men to women in Tabriz and Qom were and 6. The average ages of subjects were The mean age of drug abuse commencement in Qom Smoking and drinking alcohol has already been shown to encourage drug addiction. Hobbies and the role of close friends are very important in the development of smoking, alcohol and drug abuse among teenagers. Other hobbies e. All of the inmates who were interviewed had given up their addiction at least once. Addicts usually like to enjoy abusing drugs in private or with friends. Addicts are not encouraged by television or radio programs nor by magazines advertisements but often their friends are involved in offering the first drug to them. Many of our subjects believed that their friends had offered them drugs for the first time A large proportion of addicts have no employment or income, so they earn money from illegal or criminal acts such as robbery, smuggling, and shoplifting. Though most abused drugs can cause some degree of physiologic dependence, the severity of withdrawal varies considerably among these drugs. Some of these symptoms are; nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, yawning, restlessness, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, tachycardia, and hypertension. Addicts regularly replace some other drugs to eliminate the above symptoms Other drugs used for this purpose included: diphenoxylate, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, and amphetamines. The influence of demographic characteristics on drug addiction has already been demonstrated in different societies. We also showed that the addicted inmates of Tabriz were significantly older than those of Qom. Possibly, according to our data Tab. II , the prison inmates of Tabriz commenced their drug abuse when older in age compared to those Qom. Research has indicated that certain younger people are more prone to drug abuse 45 and lifetime prevalence of abuse is higher between the ages of 18 and 29 than other cohorts for both men and women. Younger people have inadequate knowledge on illicit drugs and their attitudes become more liberal as age increases. They are also more curious, bolder, and less timorous than other ages. Like other countries, 47 - 49 unemployment and low income, singleness, low education, looking for fun, being trained in a violent area with rough families or friends are other reasons for the high prevalence of addiction commencing at a young age in Iran. The effect of families, relatives and friends on drug abuse has already been demonstrated in previous studies. These addicts usually had less control from their parents during their childhood. This difference might be because of the low age of marriage in villages and small cities compared to the large cities in Iran. We revealed that only We also showed that the most of our subjects Therefore, organization of job opportunities, encouragement of singles to get married, establishment of leisure centres, and raise in knowledge of teenagers about the adverse effects of drugs will help the drug abuse prevalence among teenagers in Iran to be diminished. In this study we found that most of the addicts, who had given up drug abuse and left the prison, were arrested again after a short term. Unemployment, humiliation, intolerability to social problems, and hopelessness for their future were the most important reasons for their returning to the drugs. There is easy access to drugs in Iran because of the many dealers who are looking for customers among these people and encourage them with exciting offers. Therefore, rehabilitation programs should coincide with combating drug dealers. Accepting that opioid use and crime are associated and develop together, amongst opioid-using criminals the need for opioids may cause crime on a day-to-day basis or both may tend to be determined by some other set of factors. A study showed that heavy opioid users committed crimes significantly more frequently than did moderate opioid users, non-opioid polydrug users, cannabis users or alcohol users. Previous studies have shown that the increasing prescription of opioids is associated with a rise in aberrant drug-related behaviour. The causes of this behaviour are multifactorial. Some pharmacotherapeutic, but in particular psychosocial risk and etiologic pain factors have been identified. The indication for the prescription of opioids must be very carefully evaluated in the presence of any risk factor. In the absence of successful opioid therapy, the treatment must be discontinued to avoid iatrogenic damage, substance abuse and illegal diversion. We wish to thank to Dr. Derek Buss Cardiff University for his collaboration in writing this paper and the personnel of the prisons of Tabriz and Qom for their cooperation. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Adv Pharm Bull. Find articles by Mohammadreza Sattari. Find articles by Mina Islambulchilar. Find articles by Mohsen Toluyi. Find articles by Siminozar Mashayekhi. Received Feb 10; Accepted Feb 29; Issue date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Demographic Characteristics of the Addicts. Employment status. Marital status. Monthly income. Other Characteristics of the Addicts. Age at drug addiction commencement. Smoking before drug addiction. Drinking alcohol before drug addiction. Hobbies before drug addiction. Causes of returning to drug addiction. Usual time for drug abuse. Awareness about drug adverse events. Decision to give up drugs. First drug abuse offered by:. The first motivation to addiction. Causes of arrest. Information about Drugs Abused by the Addicts. The first experience in drug abuse. Effects following the first abuse of drugs. Type of addiction. Replaced drugs. Other drugs.

Epidemiology and Etiology of High-risk Behaviors Among Male and Female Students in Qom

Qom where can I buy cocaine

Some 20 officers were involved in an operation to seize 5. Before , Syria was a transit country for drugs coming from Lebanon and the Gulf countries, though the traffic was not particularly heavy. When the civil war broke out eight years ago, Syria itself became a top exporter of drugs, with the volumes discovered of drugs on their way to international markets being huge. In recent years, hundreds of kg of drugs have made their way out of the country, though no one expected Syrian drug-smuggling to be as large as the shipment seized in Greece would seem to indicate. The volume of undiscovered drugs may be hundreds of times larger than the shipments that are found, and the ordinary police cannot intervene in many cases since the drug-traffickers are members of armed cartels often responsible for maintaining stability in their areas. Syrian Ministry of the Interior forces often cannot intervene because the power of these cartels is greater than that of the ordinary police. All the official border crossings giving onto the Mediterranean Sea are controlled by the Syrian authorities, as are the crossings into Jordan and the Arabian Gulf. Many think that regime cronies own small ports along the Syrian coast that are used to smuggle goods out away from the reach of the authorities. Over the past five years, Hizbullah has expanded growing hashish and manufacturing Captagon pills in areas under its control in Syria such as Western Qalamon, the Barda Valley, Qoseir near Homs and Talkalakh. Areas along the border with Lebanon have become extensions of drug-production regions in Lebanon such as Akar and Beqaa. In recent years, the Saudi, Jordanian, Cypriot and Greek authorities have seized tens of millions of Captagon pills smuggled out of Lebanon across Syria. In November , the Jordanian authorities foiled an attempt to smuggle four million pills at the Nasseeb border crossing hidden in chocolate bars. In December , the Greek authorities discovered a freight ship in the Mediterranean flying the Syrian flag carrying more than six tons of hashish and three million Captagon pills heading to Benghazi in Libya. At the end of last year, the Saudi authorities seized 25 million Captagon pills coming from Syria, but dozens of tons have probably been smuggled without being caught. The US has arrested several cells affiliated to Hizbullah involved in the drug trade to fund operations in Syria, where the group has sent thousands of fighters to support the regime of President Bashar Al-Assad. Hizbullah members of drug cartels are being prosecuted in several countries, and most recently the US added the group to its list of trans-border organised crime groups and formed a special unit to track down its members. There is more to the drug issue than Hizbullah, however, which is only one way in which Iran hopes to destroy Syria. In Latin America, Iran has launched an international network headquartered in Venezuela and border areas that are involved in drug-trafficking and money-laundering operations across the globe. These are thought to generate hundreds of millions of dollars in profits annually. The main purpose of forming an international network is to buy weapons and nuclear equipment for Iran, however. The network was revealed in when security agencies in Colombia listened to wiretaps on a key drug lord there and were surprised to hear a conversation with an Arabic speaker. They eventually found the Arabic speaker was connected to Hizbullah and was partnering with drug lords to transport several tons of cocaine to the Middle East in return for weapons. Since then, security agencies in the US, Europe and Latin America have uncovered dozens of drug-smuggling and money-laundering operations and networks linked to Hizbullah and made dozens of arrests. As well as providing Iran with a constant stream of funds, Tehran uses the network to circumvent US sanctions and buy prohibited equipment. Iran has bribed officials in Latin America and established a strong grassroots base of Lebanese and pro-Iran Muslim immigrants in the region, attracting them by building religious centres and mosques across Latin America. Currently, South American students are studying at the Imam Ali School in Qom before eventually returning to their countries. According to Iranian figures, there are more than 45 Iranian Islamic centres in more than 21 South American countries, most notably in Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil. It is clear that the drug bust in Greece was part of a global criminal economic and political operation and not just a passing shipment of drugs or from a small crime cartel. Thanks to Iran, Syria has now become one of the most dangerous drug-exporters in the world, and it may become even worse if Iran continues to meddle in Syria while the world does nothing to stop it from doing so. FR AR. Books Home Reviews News. Drugs seized from Syria. The final destination of this massive shipment of drugs is unknown. Latest News Ancelotti wants goals over pressing from Madrid star Mbappe. Egypt signs 4 MoUs with int'l companies to enhance oil cooperation. Hany Shaker, Tamer Ashour to give concerts in Kuwait. Egypt to allocate exceptional allowance for pensions and salaries: MP Elfiky. Van Dijk talking to 'right people' over Liverpool contract renewal. Most Viewed. Rising demand for practical learning. We have to reassess the situation with the IMF to ease pressures on the public US activists demolish Israeli narrative on Sinwar last moments: 'What else Also In. World leaders condemn 'despicable' Kabul airport attack. 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Qom where can I buy cocaine