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Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. Refer to the copyright information in the article for licensing details. Free full text in Europe PMC. Drug users have lower emotional intelligence EQ than other members of society. This study aimed to determine the effect of EQ training on methadone-treated methamphetamine meth users. This randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted on methadone-treated meth users referring to the Drop-in Center in Qazvin, Iran. Subsequently, the intervention group participated in weekly minute EQ training sessions for 4 sessions held by a psychiatric assistant. However, the control group received no intervention. Both groups were re-evaluated by the Bar-On EQ-i 3 months after the end of the training sessions. Eventually, qualitative and quantitative variables were compared between the two groups using an independent t-test and chi-square test, respectively. EQ training for meth users could increase EQ. Nonetheless, further studies with more effective methods are required to reduce meth use. Methamphetamine meth is one of the most widely abused stimulant drugs worldwide. A growing global concern regarding psychiatric problems is reported to be drug-related disorders. In particular, meth disorders and their associated psychosis have become increasingly problematic in hospitals and outpatient departments. In the United States US , 18 million people have used meth for more than 12 years in their lifetime. In Iran, meth used to be imported illegally from other parts of the world mainly from Europe and America ; however, it is currently produced illegally in underground laboratories. Regarding this, amphetamine causes dopamine release, increases dopamine synapse levels, and inhibits dopamine reuptake. Changes in dopamine levels play a major role in potentiating psychostimulants. Euphoria is the strongest response generated with the increase of dopaminergic neurotransmitters. Medications may be needed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan to prevent relapse after drug withdrawal. At present, there are no defined standards for the treatment of individuals who tend to use meth during the drug withdrawal process. The effect of emotional intelligence EQ in solving this problem has not been well studied. On the other hand, environmental, social, and psychological factors, especially having trouble in managing emotions, are also influential in the tendency or misleading towards drugs. Lutz and Kieffer showed that some factors, such as social skills, brain drug receptors, and cognitive function may have a profound effect on an individual's relapse. These skills are typically acquired rather than being intrinsic abilities that can be enhanced through training. According to the literature review, harmful situations for individuals with low EQ lead them to poor decision-making, especially in personal and social issues. Other findings indicated that EQ was associated with mental wellbeing and could increase social skills and reduce the tendency toward immature behaviors. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of EQ training on methadone-treated meth users referring to 22 Bahman Hospital, Qazvin, Iran. This randomized clinical trial study was conducted to investigate the effect of EQ training on methadone-treated meth users in Qzavin within December April All patients referring to 22 Bahman Psychiatric Hospital in Qazvin were subjected to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS , among which 70 subjects with a score of at least 80 were selected and entered into the study after obtaining their informed consent. A demographic form was completed for all participants at the baseline, including age, gender, marital status, occupation, education level, residential place, and methadone dosage. Subsequently, training was initialed for the intervention group. To assess the reliability of the training, 3 months after the completion of the training sessions, all patients underwent re-evaluation with the Bar-On EQ-i. This item questionnaire is scored on a five-point Likert scale from one to five and consists of five scales measuring: 1 intrapersonal skills, 2 interpersonal skills, 3 stress management, 4 adaptability, and 5 general mood. Based on the results of a study conducted by Barekatain et al. The inclusion criteria consisted of methadone-treated meth users with a minimum score of 80 from the WAIS, the patient's absence in the acute phase of mood and psychotic disorders related or unrelated to substance use, willingness to participate in the study, and lack of simultaneous participation in another similar study. On the other hand, the patients who were not willing to continue participation in the study and were absent in the sessions were excluded from the study. In case that patients developed acute mood or psychotic symptoms i. After the administration of the questionnaire pre-test , the patients in the intervention group participated in weekly minute sessions of EQ training provided by a psychiatric assistant for 4 weeks. The control group received no intervention due to ethical issues regarding the non-provision of EQ training to this group. The training program was carried out using educational materials, such as books, and involved the following procedure:. Session 2: Introducing the relationship between mind and emotion and recognizing one's and others' emotions and feelings. Session 3: Training the skill of controlling one's and others' emotions by delaying desires. Session 4: Training accepting mistakes, being responsible and flexible, solving problems, managing stress, and communicating effectively. To compare dichotomous variables between the groups, the chi-square test was utilized. Continuous variables were analyzed using the independent t-test, and to compare quantitative variables before and after the intervention, a paired t-test was utilized. In this study, out of the 70 subjects who entered into the study, 1 patient in the intervention group and 1 patient in the control group were excluded due to being absent from training sessions and unwillingness to continue cooperation, respectively Figure 1. Consortium algorithm showing the number of patients during different stages of the study. The following findings were obtained regarding the homogeneity of both groups and the main results based on the research hypotheses. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two groups Table 1. The mean score of the Bar-On EQ-i was calculated at Subsequently, the subjects in the intervention group took part in weekly minute sessions for 4 weeks. All cases in the intervention and control groups completed the Bar-On EQ-i again 3 months after the intervention. Regarding this, the mean score of Bar-On EQ-i in the intervention and control groups was estimated at The results of the paired t-test showed that the mean score of EQ in the intervention group increased from However, the mean scores of EQ in the control group, calculated by the paired t-test, were obtained at Emotional intelligence EQ test scores in the intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention. All participants in this study were taking meth at the baseline. According to the follow-up results of the participants, 28 EQ skills help people to stay calm and positive without being irritated in confrontation with external stimuli. Such people are able to manage their impulses properly. Moreover, EQ training helps individuals find ways to overcome obstacles and become creative in the face of adversity rather than feeling helpless, escaping from trouble, or showing immature reactions. As a result, they can benefit from the advantage of this training, which is the reduction in stress level. Since such people can understand others better, they interpret others' behaviors more rationally and are less likely to be pressurized by being mistaken or misunderstanding. These skills facilitate expressing feelings and expanding relationships with others since social skills are one of the basic components of EQ. Therefore, the development of this ability helps individuals control stressors and improve their mental performance. The results of the present study indicated that educational intervention in the form of 4 weekly minute sessions could improve EQ among meth users who underwent methadone maintenance therapy MMT because of opioid use at the same time; nevertheless, it did not affect their meth dosage. A large body of studies has been performed to investigate the relationship of EQ training in multiple sessions and its increase with the rate of drug use and relapse after withdrawal. For example, Aryasadr et al. However, the sustainability of the effect of training on EQ promotion was not evaluated. Soleimani et al. In this study, 60 subjects were selected among those receiving methadone treatment and referring to the Shafa Clinic, Rasht, Iran. To perform the research, the control group participated in EQ training sessions, and the results showed the improvement of EQ and quality of life among methadone-treated cases. In the above study, the reliability of the training effect was evaluated, which showed that the EQ score was higher after 3 months than that before the intervention. This finding was in agreement with that of our study. According to the mentioned research, EQ promotion could also lead to the early prevention of drug use. Another study was carried out by Guo et al. In the summer , a study was conducted on female pre-university students in Ardabil, Iran, who were randomly selected using a cluster sampling method. The intervention group received EQ training for four sessions. Raisjouyan et al. Accordingly, it was revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between EQ and relapse rate following drug withdrawal. In other words, the probability of relapse and re-use of drugs would be lower in an addict with a higher EQ. The researchers of the above research hypothesized that the improvement of EQ would enable the person to express disagreement and resist the drug-using offer, reducing the likelihood of relapse, especially after withdrawal. A quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted by Karami Rad et al. The experimental group attended eight minute training sessions twice a week, while the control group received no intervention. Both groups completed the post-test questionnaire at the end of the intervention. The results were indicative of the effectiveness of EQ training in reducing addiction readiness among students. One of the limitations of the current study was related to its small sample size and relatively short duration of monitoring of the subjects, as well as its performance on only male subjects and one type of drug i. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further studies with a larger population consisting of several centers that include both genders. Moreover, it is required to perform research with a longer monitoring period and, if possible, with a neutral intervention for the control group. According to the results of the present study, which examined the effect of EQ training on meth users, it seems that EQ training alone was not effective in reducing relapse of meth use. Therefore, it is required to consider other areas, such as medication and family, social and economic support, and a comprehensive approach to address this issue. The authors gratefully thank all staff of 22 Bahman Hospital of Qazvin who contributed to the research. Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Search life-sciences literature 44,, articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Abstract Free full text. Zamir SM 1 ,. Khazaei M 1 ,. Ghafeleh-Bashi SH 1 ,. Dodangeh S 2. Affiliations 1. Authors Dodangeh S 2. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract Background Drug users have lower emotional intelligence EQ than other members of society. Methods This randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted on methadone-treated meth users referring to the Drop-in Center in Qazvin, Iran. Conclusion EQ training for meth users could increase EQ. Free full text. Addict Health. PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Aug 23; Accepted Oct Go to:. Background Drug users have lower emotional intelligence EQ than other members of society. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Iran. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants in the intervention and control groups. SD: Standard deviation. Table 2 Consumption of other drugs in intervention and control groups. Figure 2. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Ahmadi J, Razeghian JL. Comparing the effect of buprenorphine and methadone in the reduction of methamphetamine craving: A randomized clinical trial. 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Emotional intelligence as a moderator of stressor-mental health relations in adolescence: Evidence for specificity. Pers Individ Differ. Short- and midterm effects of emotional intelligence training on adolescent mental health. J Adolesc Health. Ruetsch C. Practice strategies to improve compliance and patient self-management. J Manag Care Pharm. The comparison of emotional intelligence components in addicted and non addicted men; the effect of cognitive therapy and training program of emotional intelligence components on addicted men referred to withdrawal centers in Khoramabad. Journal of Psychological Studies. Emotional quotient in women who had attempted suicide by poisoning. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. Nejati R, Meshkat M. The reliability and validity of Bar-On's emotional quotient inventory for Iranian English language learners. Foreign Language Research Journal. In Persian. Moshfeghi S. Adaptive behaviors in individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Special Education; ; — Investigation of the relationship between the emotional intelligence and interpersonal problems. Research in Psychological Health. The effect of emotional intelligence training on mental skills of athlete teenagers. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. The impact of education on emotional intelligence and quality of life of the patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. Identity development as a buffer of adolescent risk behaviors in the context of peer group pressure and control. J Adolesc. Short-term impact of cognition-motivation-emotional intelligence-resistance skills program on drug use prevention for school students in Wuhan, China. Effectiveness of teaching emotional intelligence in preventing students' tendency to substance a abuse. Research on Addiction. Investigating the effect of emotional intelligence on the addiction relapse after quitting. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. Effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on alexithymia of male students. Jentashapir J Cell Mol Biol. External link. Please review our privacy policy.
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Evidence for an increase in cannabis use in Iran – A systematic review and trend analysis
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Evidence for an increase in cannabis use in Iran – A systematic review and trend analysis
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