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Drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among Akha and Lahu hill tribe people who used methamphetamine in Thailand: a qualitative approach. Determining the characteristics of a mental supportive workplace according to female hospital staff in one of Tehran hospitals. Explaining the burden of psychosocial factors on the worsening symptoms of MS: a qualitative study of patients' experiences. Validation and psychometric properties of the community assessment inventory in Iranian persons who use drug. Non -fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran. Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study. Exploration the role of social, cultural and environmental factors in tendency of female adolescents to smoking based on the qualitative content analysis. Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking in adults with a depressive or anxiety disorder in a Western-European health care setting: a qualitative study. Ruth C. Waumans, Anna D. Muntingh, Stasja Draisma, Klaas M. Huijbregts, Anton J. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the consequences of regular methamphetamine use in Tehran. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews with 20 regular adult users of methamphetamine in Tehran including 15 males and 5 females. Participants were selected using snowball sampling and purposeful sampling, which continued until data saturation. It is therefore highly recommended that educational programs must implement with the use of methamphetamine in the high- risk groups in order to raise awareness and change attitudes about the short and long term consequences. J Postgrad Med Institut. Social modulation of drug use and drug addiction. Drugs and development: the global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. Int J Drug Policy. The rate of knowledge and attitude toward psychoactive drugs and its abuse prevalence in Gonabad University students. Horizon Med Sci. Social determinants and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Kermanshah, Iran: socioeconomic status, homelessness, and sufficient syringe coverage. J Subs Use. Effectiveness of psychotherapy with matrix pattern on the glass drug craving. Indian J Health Wellb. On the effectiveness of alpha-theta neurofeedback in craving for drug use among methamphetamine-dependent patients; Akhteyari H. Addiction to glass. J Addict Med. Investigating the effect of family counseling on the acceptance and support of patients under methadone maintenance treatment. Shiraz E Med J. Pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages: an investigation on opinions of male smokers. Iran Red Crescent Med J. Methamphetamine addiction: a review of the literature. J Addict Res Ther. Self-injury due to methamphetamine psychosis: a case report. Iran Rehabilit J. The effect of life skills training in group and behavior change on affective health of people addicted to methamphetamine crystal. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: a new health challenge in Iran. Clarifying the role of schools in tendency or lack of tendency toward smoking among teenage boys in Mashhad, Iran. Prevention of psychotropic substance use by adolescents. Ciccarone D. Stimulant abuse: pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy. Primary Care: Clin Office Pract. Acute anhydrous ammonia injury from accidents during illicit methamphetamine production. Resurgence of methamphetamine related burns and injuries: a follow-up study. A model program for treating methamphetamine use among adolescents: Alliant Int Univ; Methamphetamine use among young adults: health and social consequences. Addict Behav. Health outcomes associated with methamphetamine use among young people: a systematic review. A discriminant analysis of psychological and brain-behavioural system features to predict methamphetamine dependence. The relationship between emotional intelligence and recurrence of glass consumer consumers in Tehran. Soc Res Q. Fetishism due to methamphetamine glass abuse: a case report. Addict Health. J Epidem Commun Health. A study of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis. The evaluation of demographics, behavioral and psychiatric characteristics of methamphetamine abusers in detoxification and addiction control clinics related to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. Research into methamphetamine use in the Australian Capital Territory. Life with jib: a snapshot of street youth's use of crystal methamphetamine. Addict Res Theory. The management of methamphetamine use in sexual settings among men who have sex with men in Malaysia. Explaining the causes of crystal addiction in Tehran: a qualitative approach. J Public Health. Munhall P. A phenomenological method. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. Sampling for qualitative research. Fam Pract. Naturalistic inquiry London. England: Sage Publications; Kennedy KM. The relapse cycles of female methamphetamine users; Bostani D, Karamizadeh A. Condition and strategy of glass consumption among addicted women case study: Kerman city. Women Develop Politic. Measurement of the motivations leading to the use of industrial opiates case study of caretakers in Qazvin. J Qazvin Law Enforcem Q. Methamphetamine use time glass and persistent attention deficit disorders in methamphetamine abusers. J Drug Addict Res. Amphetamine-associated ischemic stroke: clinical presentation and proposed pathogenesis. J Stroke Cerebrovas Diseas. Nationwide increase in the number of hospitalizations for illicit injection drug use-related infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Diseas. Relationship between amphetamine ingestion and gingival enlargement. Pediatr Dentist. Rhodus N, Little J. Methamphetamine abuse and' meth mouth'. Northwest Dentis. Line N. Evaluation anger control training on individual and social adaptation of addicts. J Consult Develip. Comparing irrational beliefs in patients with crystal abuse disorder and ordinary people. Knowled Res Appl Psychology Autumn. Int J Eating Disord. The Socio-Economic impact of amphetamine type stimulants in New Zealand. Depressive symptoms and patterns of drug use among street youth. J Adol Health. Substance use and sexual risk: a participant-and episode-level analysis among a cohort of men who have sex with men. Am J Epidem. Patient characteristics, HIV serostatus, and risk behaviors among gay and bisexual males seeking treatment for methamphetamine abuse and dependence in Los Angeles. J Addict Diseas. Changes in the meaning of sexual risk behaviors among gay and bisexual male methamphetamine abusers before and after drug treatment. AIDS Behav. The context of sexual risk behavior among heterosexual methamphetamine users. Emerging research on methamphetamine. Current Opinion Psychiatry. Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Differential effects of methamphetamine and cocaine on behavior and extracellular levels of dopamine and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the nucleus accumbens of conscious rats. Eur J Pharmacol. Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: a 1H MRS study. Current Health. Methamphetamine use and malnutrition among street-involved youth. Harm Reduct J. Gender differences in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of methamphetamine inpatients in a Chinese population. Drug Alcohol Depend. Gender differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness in drug addicted individuals indirect self-destructiveness in addicted women and men. Psychiatric Q. Hallucination experience in drug users: a qualitative study. Investigating the mechanisms of hallucinogen-induced visions using 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA : a randomized controlled trial in humans. PLoS One. Longitudinal clinical course following pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine psychosis which persists after long-term abstinence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Relationship between gender and psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent and methamphetamine-dependent participants. Gender Med. Crossref citations: 0. Crossref citations: Crossref citations: 3. Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking in adults with a depressive or anxiety disorder in a Western-European health care setting: a qualitative study Ruth C.

The consequences of regular methamphetamine use in Tehran: qualitative content analysis

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Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. The illegal use of amphetamine-type stimulants ATS is a global health concern with medical, psychiatric and social impacts. The use of ATS is a major health concern amongst the Persian population. The traditional pattern of illicit drug use in Iran is opium and the main route of drug use is smoking 1. However, in the recent years i. Although Iran has the only universal methadone treatment system in Western Asia 2 , ATS use is a health problem in Iran, which cannot be treated with methadone maintenance treatment 3 , 4. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants include a group of many drugs such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, and methylphenidate Ritalin tablets. Some ATS such as methylphenidate are prescribed for the treatment of medical and psychiatric problems such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder yet they can be misused with no medical prescription. This issue can result in dependence 2. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants dependence such as methamphetamine dependence is a relapsing condition with no approved pharmacotherapies 4 , 5. Furthermore, ATS-dependence is associated with high-risk behaviors such as violence, psychosis and suicide 1 - 5. Researches attempting to find an effective medication are ongoing and cognitive-behavioral treatments have remained as the main treatment options for ATS dependents 4. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants dependence has numerous reasons. For example, a recent study of males and females injecting methamphetamine users in Tehran indicated that methamphetamine dependence was associated with living with sexual partners, long duration of dependence, and lack of participation in step meetings and psychological sessions 6. Literature is not well documented on the prevalence of ATS dependence and the reasons associated with this problem in Iran. Furthermore, ATS treatment barriers have not been documented in Iran. To address this gap in the literature, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ATS dependence, the reasons associated with this problem and the treatment barriers in a group of general adult population in 22 districts of Tehran. Rapid situation assessment RSA was selected as the main study design in This was because of efficiency, cost-effectiveness and using a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology 7. Furthermore, conducting a comprehensive survey in Tehran was time-consuming and expensive because the city is vast and populous. This guideline has been developed by the United Nations office for drug control and crime prevention as a standard method for conducting RSA 7. The study sites included 22 districts in Tehran; via the following official information resources, 22 districts with considerable rates of illegal use of ATS in the past two years were identified. After determining the study population, Open-Epi software was used to determine the sample size in each district. After determining the total required sample size using this software, convenience sampling was used as the main method of sample taking in each district of Tehran. Eligibility criteria included age of 18 - 65 years old, male or female gender, living in the same districs where the participants were recruited for at least three months prior to recruitment and taking any stimulant with no medical prescription. Dependence on ATS was defined as the daily use of any ATS within the past twelve months for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical purposes in Iran. This definition was based on the recent American diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 8. Based on the study guideline 7 , to increase the chance of finding ATS dependents in each district, 10 to 12 former ATS users with good communication abilities were recruited and trained. This group facilitated finding eligible participants in each district. Overall, 35 well-trained interviewers were recruited to collect quantitative and qualitative data. They were general practitioners, social workers or registered psychologists with high qualifications in interview techniques. A checklist was designed with the collaboration of three senior drug researchers at the Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Centre in Tehran. The checklist included details of demographics, illegal use of ATS and qualitative questions about the reasons of ATS use and treatment barriers. The checklist was piloted on 30 ATS dependents before conducting the study. The validity of the checklist was considered with reviewing the relevant literature in the field of ATS use 5 , 6. The study was conducted between September and January Participation was confidential and voluntary. Consent forms were signed by participants. The study had one quantitative section, which included participants and one qualitative section, which included 60 interviews. All interviews were conducted in pre-allocated interview rooms in the districts. The FGDs consisted of six to ten people. Key informant interviewing was also conducted. Audio-taping was implemented with prior permission. Overall, ten key informants KIs were interviewed. Key Informants included health professionals, who worked with ATS dependents at drug treatment centers or other professionals such as the police. Quantitative data were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent samples t-test and logistic regression in SPSS version Qualitative data were analyzed using Atlas-ti qualitative software. Of the 22 districts, districts one and three were of high socio-economic status. Overall, seven districts 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13 and 22 were middle class and the remaining districts had low socio-economic status. Overall, participants were recruited from 22 districts. District 11 had the lowest reported prevalence rate of ATS use 1. More than half of the participants were males The age range and the mean age SD of all participants were 18 to 60 years and 32 SD 11 years, respectively. Overall, participants 4. Overall, A considerable number of participants reported that they experienced low mood The qualitative analyses of the interviews showed multiple reasons associated with the illicit use of ATS and different treatment barriers as follows:. A theme that repeatedly emerged from the narratives was a desire to increase a performance. Participants repeatedly described the roles of physical energy, concentration, and job-related performances as their reasons associated with current ATS use. Some guys use ecstasy for energy and sex. Furthermore, participants repeatedly explained how their misconceptions of ATS as non-addictive drugs resulted in self-treatment for psychiatric problems. I have some clients, who misuse ATS for low mood or anxiety at this clinic. Participant accounts indicated how beauty-related issues resulted in current ATS use. In addition, further data analysis highlighted that some beauty salons had recommended ATS as a way to improve quality of skin. Some people think Shisheh is good for skin. Participant narratives underscored how some ATS users used opiates before initial ATS use and believed that only opiates such as opium, opium residues and heroin were addictive. Further qualitative analyses of narratives indicated that most participants did not have an adequate amount of information about the addictive effects of ATS. As a result, some of them used ATS to substitute them with opiate use. Among participants, who were dependent on illicit ATS use, narratives described how poor knowledge of illicit ATS treatment services in the community prevented them from treatment entry. Further qualitative analyses of the narratives demonstrated that although, ATS treatment was a necessity for some participants, poor information about ATS treatment centers hampered treatment entry. I know I need treatment but who can help me? Among participants, who were dependent on ATS use, their narratives described how poor knowledge of the side effects of ATS use prevented them from treatment entry. Further qualitative analyses of the narratives indicated that although ATS treatment was a necessity for some of them, poor information of the addictive nature of ATS use and ignoring treatment primarily hampered treatment entry. I can quit any time I want. Participant narratives suggested that stigma prevented treatment entry for ATS use. The study findings demonstrated that some participants perceived the necessity of treatment but social stigma prevented them from treatment entry. I want treatment but what will happen to me if I go for treatment. The study indicated that ATS dependence was present in the study regions in Tehran. This was a new trend of illicit drug use at the time of conducting the study 2. The study results indicated that ATS dependents were more likely to be younger, single, educated, unemployed and with more unstable living conditions compared with non-ATS users. Such characteristics were likely to predispose this group to misuse of ATS. A research study indicated that participants with ATS dependence were more likely to be single and jobless than recreational ATS users 3. These demographic characteristics should be considered in designing and implementing prevention and educational programs for this group in Iran. Studies have indicated that cognitive-behavioral interventions are effective in the treatment of ATS users 9 , Such treatment interventions should be provided for this group in Iran. In fact, it was likely that most of them had no actual knowledge of the side effects of ATS use. Their misconceptions were likely to originate from lack of knowledge or poor ATS education. Poor knowledge of the side effects of ATS can be a strong motivation to self-treatment with ATS use or its common use in the community 11 - Therefore, the provision of educational programs is suggested for this group. Key Informants repeatedly emphasized the roles of mass-media in ATS education and prevention. Health policy makers should consider ATS education as a health priority. Studies have shown that drug education is necessary to prevent the epidemic of any type of drug 17 - Furthermore, law enforcement and police efforts should target ceasing ATS production and distribution in the Persian community on a large scale. Poor knowledge of available ATS treatment services was frequently reported as an important barrier to treatment entry. A study on Puerto Rican injecting drug users found that perceived barriers to drug treatment played strong roles to treatment entry Opiate use treatment is available in Iran but ATS use was a new health concern at the time of conducting the study. Therefore, participants were likely to not know about the availability of ATS treatment in the community. On the basis of the study findings, we suggest policy recommendations for increasing access to treatment for ATS users in the community. It is important for people to have access to appropriate ATS treatment facilities in the Persian community. The role of mass-media, especially television in informing people about the treatment facilities for ATS use treatment in the community, is emphasized. Schools, universities, educational centers and hospitals should also contribute to informing people about the side effects of ATS use and available treatments in the community. Poor knowledge of the side effects of ATS use and considering ATS as non-addictive drugs were strong barriers to treatment entry. A study indicated that poor knowledge of the side effects of illicit drug use was associated with its easy use Participants were likely to traditionally consider opiate use as a health problem only while ATS use was a new concern in Iran at the time of conducting the study. To improve service delivery, treatment services should re-orient their services to better address the needs of ATS users in Iran. People should be informed that ATS use could be as addictive as opiate use. Finally, the study results indicated that stigma had a detrimental impact on ATS treatment entry. This issue was due to the new nature of ATS use at the time of conducting the study in Iran. A study in the USA indicated that stigma among people with substance use disorders hampered treatment entry These study results highlight the need for more work on stigma due to its important role in preventing treatment entry for the ATS use problem. The results of this RSA highlight the importance of understanding the reasons associated with ATS dependence and treatment barriers. As the first report from Western Asia, especially the Persian Gulf region, the findings of this study highlight the necessity of the provision of effective laws against ATS producers and vendors, as well as ATS education, prevention and treatment programs for the population of Tehran. The use of ATS without medical prescription was a hidden activity in Iran during years and As a result, it was difficult to conduct a household survey. Therefore, the study was limited to a RSA. Conducting household surveys is suggested. Drug use treatment and harm reduction programs in Iran: A unique model of health in the most populated Persian Gulf country. Asian J Psychiatr. Methamphetamine use and treatment in Iran: A systematic review from the most populated Persian Gulf country. Methamphetamine use among Iranian heroin kerack-dependent women: implications for treatment. Alam Mehrjerdi Z. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack. Djamshidian A. Neurobehavioral Sequelae of Psychostimulant Abuse. Int Rev Neurobiol. Correlates of shared methamphetamine injection among methamphetamine-injecting treatment seekers: the first report from Iran. The guidelines for the development and implementation of drug abuse rapid situation assessments and responses. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Brief cognitive behavioural interventions for regular amphetamine users: a step in the right direction. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches for stimulant-dependent individuals. Methamphetamine use and methadone maintenance treatment: an emerging problem in the drug addiction treatment network in Iran. Int J Drug Policy. Quality of life among treatment seeking methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Am J Addict. Lashkaripour K, Torbati E. Methamphetamine dependency. Current research on methamphetamine: epidemiology, medical and psychiatric effects, treatment and harm reduction efforts. Addict Health. Methamphetamine use among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in iran; a threat for harm reduction and treatment strategies: A qualitative study. Prevalence and complications of drug-induced seizures in Baharloo hospital, Tehran, Iran. Iran J Toxicol. The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. Will the methamphetamine problem go away? J Addict Dis. Methamphetamine dependence and human immunodeficiency virus risk behavior. J Subst Abuse Treat. Porter J. Subst Use Misuse. Treatment utilization and barriers to treatment: results of a survey of dependent methamphetamine users. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. However, there are no literature reports on ATS dependence in the community. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ATS-dependence, the reasons associated with this problem and the treatment barriers among a group of adults in 22 districts of Tehran. Materials and Methods: A rapid situation assessment was conducted. A mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology was applied. A researcher-made checklist was designed to collect data. Results: In total, individuals were randomly recruited and interviewed. Among them, participants were ATS-dependent. A desire to increase performance and reduce psychiatric problems, beauty-related issues and a desire to stop opiate use were the main reasons for the illegal use of ATS. Poor knowledge of ATS treatment services in the community, poor knowledge of the side effects of the illegal use of ATS and stigma were the main current treatment barriers. Conclusions: The study results indicated that ATS-dependence was present among the study participants. This issue necessitates treatment, which should be considered by health policy makers. Prevention programs should be provided on the large scale in the Persian community to prevent ATS use and dependence. Background The illegal use of amphetamine-type stimulants ATS is a global health concern with medical, psychiatric and social impacts. Objectives Literature is not well documented on the prevalence of ATS dependence and the reasons associated with this problem in Iran. Materials and Methods 3. Study Site and Sample Collection The study sites included 22 districts in Tehran; via the following official information resources, 22 districts with considerable rates of illegal use of ATS in the past two years were identified. Hospitals especially emergency rooms, 2. Drug treatment and harm reduction canters, 3. Courts, 4. Prisons, 5. Police reports of arrest figures and ATS confiscation, 6. Official reports of ATS-related deaths, 7. Crime-related reports, 8. Police reports of ATS use and vending and 9. Interview Team Based on the study guideline 7 , to increase the chance of finding ATS dependents in each district, 10 to 12 former ATS users with good communication abilities were recruited and trained. Study Measures A checklist was designed with the collaboration of three senior drug researchers at the Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Centre in Tehran. Study Procedure The study was conducted between September and January Data Analysis Quantitative data were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent samples t-test and logistic regression in SPSS version Results 4. Participants in Each Study Site Of the 22 districts, districts one and three were of high socio-economic status. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Variables Characteristics No. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

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