Python Private Variables

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Hard Last Updated :
19 Aug, 2021
# Python code to illustrate how mangling works
    def __init__( self , iterate):
            self . list .append(item)
    # private copy of original geek() method
    # provides new signature for geek() but
    def geek( self , key, value):       
        for i in zip (keys, value):
            self . list .append(i)
# Python code to illustrate how double
# underscore at the beginning works
    def __double_method( self ): # for mangling
    def __double_method( self ): # for mangling
# Python code to illustrate double leading and
    # '__init__' for initializing, this is a
    # custom special method. try not to use it
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Prerequisite: Underscore in Python In Python, there is no existence of “Private” instance variables that cannot be accessed except inside an object. However, a convention is being followed by most Python code and coders i.e., a name prefixed with an underscore, For e.g. _geek should be treated as a non-public part of the API or any Python code, whether it is a function, a method, or a data member. While going through this we would also try to understand the concept of various forms of trailing underscores , for e.g., for _ in range(10), __init__(self).  
In Python, there is something called name mangling, which means that there is limited support for a valid use-case for class-private members basically to avoid name clashes of names with names defined by subclasses. Any identifier of the form __geek (at least two leading underscores or at most one trailing underscore) is replaced with _classname__geek, where classname is the current class name with a leading underscore(s) stripped. As long as it occurs within the definition of the class, this mangling is done. This is helpful for letting subclasses override methods without breaking intraclass method calls. Let’s look at this example and try to find out how this underscore works:  
The mangling rules are designed mostly to avoid accidents but it is still possible to access or modify a variable that is considered private. This can even be useful in special circumstances, such as in the debugger. 
So basically one underline at the beginning of a method, function, or data member means you shouldn’t access this method because it’s not part of the API. Let’s look at this snippet of code: 
The snippet is taken from the Django source code (django/forms/forms.py). This suggests that errors are property, and it’s also a part of the API, but the method, _get_errors, is “private”, so one shouldn’t access it. 
Two underlines, in the beginning, cause a lot of confusion. This is about syntax rather than a convention. double underscore will mangle the attribute names of a class to avoid conflicts of attribute names between classes. For example: 
__Double leading and Double trailing underscores__
There’s another case of double leading and trailing underscores. We follow this while using special variables or methods (called “magic method”) such as__len__, __init__. These methods provide special syntactic features to the names. For example, __file__ indicates the location of the Python file, __eq__ is executed when a == b expression is executed.  
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In actual terms (practically), python doesn’t have anything called private member variable in Python. However, adding two underlines(__) at the beginning makes a variable or a method private is the convention used by most python code.
Let’s understand this concept through an example −
In the above program, __privMeth is a private method and __privateVar is a private variable. Let’s see its output now −
From the above output, we can see that outside the class “myClass”, you cannot access the private method as well as the private variable. However, inside the class (myClass) we can access the private variables. In the hello() method, the __privateVar variable can be accessed (as shown above: “Private Variable value: 27”).
So from the above example, we can understand that all the variables and the methods inside the class are public by the method. When we declare data member as private it means they are accessible only side the class and are inaccessible outside the class. The technique of making a variable or method private is called data mangling. Any identifier of the form __spam (at least two leading underscores, at most one trailing underscore) is textually replaced with _classname__spam , where classname is the current class name with a leading underscore(s) stripped. This mangling is done without regard to the syntactic position of the identifier, as long as it occurs within the definition of a class.
Double underscore names are meant to avoid accidental overriding by a subclass instead.

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