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Fifty years ago, William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg published The Yage Letters , a book largely consisting of the correspondence between the two on their separate treks through the Peruvian rainforest. But both beat writers were also lured by rumours that the drug provided answers to the mysteries of god, the universe, everything. Some — like me — even book an ayahuasca ceremony as part of a retreat or spa package and, as middle-brow as that might sound, many people there are on the hunt for answers no less profound than the ones Burroughs was seeking. Not me, though. At least not very hard. I am, however, completely fascinated by drug tourism. But booze is one thing. The only detail I could remember was that its users were so oblivious to the external world that they were unaware of the long strings of mucus hanging out their noses. No mention of that in the brochure. Nor did that seem to happen to Jennifer Aniston in the movie Wanderlust , where she drinks ayahuasca during her stay at a commune. DMT dimethyltryptamine is the active ingredient in the ayahuasca brew, a compound that, some claim, can cure illness and addiction, help people gain insight into primary relationships and, for others, offer glimpses into the origin of life. Much of the contemporary thinking on DMT is based on Dr. The DMT Strassman used on his research subjects was made in a lab. In the rainforest, our guide, Oscar Salazar, showed us the plants his uncle and father both shamans use to make the ayahuasca concoction, drawing on centuries of traditional medicine. The ayahuasca vine is crucial to the process but, despite the name of the drug, is not the main active ingredient. We are hardly the first to wonder how this potent and complex chemical combination was ever discovered, but it seems a way bigger mystery than who ate the first lobster. My husband and I spent six days with Oscar learning about the plants and animals of the region through Rainforest Expeditions , a soon-to-be entirely native-owned cultural and eco-tourism venture. If that mix sounds eclectic, well … it did to us, too. A trip to the rainforest — while still consumerism — turns the standard model of drug tourism on its head at least as it stands at present. The customer in the rainforest is not always right. In fact, we are almost never right. We are shushed when we are too loud, told when to get up before dawn, usually , when we can use the limited electricity to charge our batteries and what to eat. In order to survive, every square foot of rainforest must become more valuable as a resource to rent to tourist patrons than it is to gold prospectors, potential agriculturalists or poachers. Tough thing to pull off, given the price of gold. Peru has resisted pressure to criminalize coca and other drugs, and there is even a Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants in Cusco, in which the history of religious and medicinal drug-taking is celebrated and defended. As Oscar explained to us, in the Andes, people worship coca; in the desert, San Pedro mescaline is sacred; in the rainforest, ayahuasca is the drug of choice. This helps to explain why, when we finally drink the ayahuasca, we are asked to sit outside, facing the jungle, and concentrate on the spirit of the plants. We drank with them and sat, looking at the shapes made by the tree silhouette against the cloudy, moonlit sky. I felt pretty good, considering that I had spent a good bit of the day trying to come up with reasons to duck out of the ceremony. I was scared of any number of things, including mosquitoes malaria or not and leishmaniasis-carrying sandflies. I had asked Oscar if it was because it was past dusk and the mosquito feeding frenzy hour that the ceremony was scheduled so late. It is because that is the correct time to perform the ayahuasca ceremony. Then again, I willingly drink Fernet Branca — an Italian after-dinner drink that my husband describes as tasting like dirt. When it kicked in, I knew what they meant. On both levels. Save for a general anaesthetic, I have never felt anything hit me so powerfully as the first wave of the ayahuasca. It felt as if dense and heavy pieces of fabric were pushing me down in successive waves. I could see the fabric — they were like rivers of brown paisley patterned carpets that kept coming, each one knocking me back a little deeper than the one before. I was getting cold, but not the kind of cold you can fix with a blanket. Strangely, I would only panic for brief flashes, since they were interspersed with remarkably lucid moments in which I would remember that I had read of other people who thought they were dying. I threw up. I know. That sounds crazy. For the next two hours, I felt better than I have — maybe in my whole life. It was like my body had never experienced stress — ever. Gravity was about half as strong as usual. My spine straightened. I listened to the songs and watched shapes form in the trees. Nothing profound. Mostly platitudes about how to have a better life and be a better person. But I felt those platitudes profoundly. My husband saw a geisha. He, incidentally, took a second dose, and never felt nearly the range of highs and lows I did. I did feel two things that are more on the esoteric side that I was genuinely surprised about. First, I felt, viscerally, for the first time in my life, that stress was a choice and that I might be able to eliminate it. Call it mind-body stuff or, as I prefer, stoicism, I could finally see a path wherein I could exercise some more power over my reactions to things. Finally, I felt, also for the first time, a sense that the rainforest was a living, breathing thing. But I felt the power of the place and even the plants in a non-intellectual way. But I feel more like I understand how important it might be to save this sacred, pre-modern place, by patronizing it — or however we can. He remained a heroin addict. But he left Peru with a new mental landscape, one that he translated into Naked Lunch , his most critically-acclaimed and enduring literary text. And maybe, just maybe, this pioneering drug tourist, Burroughs, helped discover something far more valuable — namely, a piece of the puzzle that might help the indigenous people entice western patrons to visit the rainforest to learn why they should help preserve it. And not on an intellectual level. Will this drug tourism destination be more successful than others? We can only hope. Skip to content. Vermeer and the Threshold. Those Winter Nights….

RISK FACTORS FOR HTLV-II INFECTION IN PERUVIAN MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Participants were recruited in brothels, massage parlours, hotels, and streets where anonymous questionnaires and blood samples were collected. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 1. The highest HIV seroprevalences were reported in Argentina 4. Predictors of HIV infection across the continent were STI and length of commercial sex work; however, use of illegal drugs, especially marijuana, and sexual contacts with foreigners were also found to be associated risk factors in the Southern Cone region. Interventions for the control of HIV and other STI need to be region and country specific; drug use appears to have an ever increasing role in the spread of HIV among heterosexually active populations. Sexually transmitted infections STI are widely recognised as major risk factors for HIV acquisition because they share the same modes of transmission, and because ulcerogenic STIs such as syphilis and herpes increase HIV associated susceptibility and infectiousness. Country specific assessments of HIV prevalence and determination of potential risk factors among FCSW in the region, are presented with particular attention paid to perceived differences in risk behaviour patterns between the countries of the Andean region Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and those of the Southern Cone Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Seroepidemiological, cross sectional studies were performed among various FCSW high risk groups during the years — These studies were conducted in 32 cities in nine countries of South America. FCSW participants were contacted at their working locations such as brothels, saunas, massage houses, parks, and streets. No records of potential that is, subjects approached versus actual participants were collected in these studies, thus, no assessment of the completeness or representativeness of FCSW participation could be achieved. Access to FCSW populations is often hard and limited in scope, even under the best of circumstances. Baseline demographic and epidemiologic data that included information regarding sexual and other risk behaviour information were collected by trained staff with experience in HIV and STI prevention by use of a standardised questionnaire. Participants were queried regarding lifetime length of commercial sex work CSW , numbers of sexual contacts per week, sexual contact with foreigners, frequency of condom use with clients, as well as history, length, and types of illegal drugs used. A venous blood sample was collected from each participant for HIV antibody testing as detailed below and as described previously. Details of laboratory testing have been described in detail elsewhere. Regional aggregate analysis was performed for two regions of South America, the Andean region and the Southern Cone region. Participants were grouped into strata, or risk sets, defined by the country in which they were enrolled. This matching strategy holds constant the potentially confounding effects of unmeasured characteristics within a single country. All analyses were carried out applying LogXact v. The number of participants was equally distributed among countries of the Southern Cone. The median mean age of participants was 26 Subjects from Argentina were found to be older Thirty one per cent reported ever having sexual intercourse with foreign clients, and only six of the participants reported having ever used injecting drugs. The median mean weekly number of sexual contacts was four 13 and 5. HIV seroprevalences by country and region are shown in table 1. Argentina 4. In the Andean region, Ecuador 1. HIV infected subjects were found to be older mean, Denominator totals varied slightly owing to missing data. HIV seroprevalences were not found to be different with other variables such as marital status, condom use, sexual contact with foreigners, use of heroine or cocaine, alcohol consumption, or previous blood transfusions table 3. Denominator totals varied owing to missing data. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in the Andean region is shown in table 4. These same risk factors remained significantly associated after adjusting for age in the multiple logistic regression analysis AORs of 3. We also noted that the magnitude of the associations for sexual risk factors was consistently higher than the associations for illegal drug use behaviours. This study provides insight into some regional characteristics of the HIV epidemic in South America where few studies have been published. Previously published, population based, HIV seroprevalence studies among FCSW high risk groups have also reported similar low prevalences in other regions of the world, including Australia 0. Previously published prevalences have been for Colombia 0. Increases in HIV prevalences have also been noted to occur in Paraguay, from a low of 0. Different risk factors have been associated with HIV infection in the region. We also noted distinct geographic differences in the patterns of drug use and sexual contact with foreigners, particularly in the Southern Cone. We believe that FCSW in the Southern Cone sustain more frequent and varied types of sexual contact across borders in this region. The relatively short geographic distances between major cities and the accessibility for travel between countries may contribute to this. Therefore, the findings of this study may have systematic errors and not accurately represent the true situation among FCSW high risk groups across the region. Despite these limitations, it is noteworthy to mention that all study participants were asymptomatic at the time of enrolment. Thus, we feel strongly that we could estimate actual HIV seroprevalences and associated risk factors in a reliable manner, without a major possibility of including previously documented HIV infected individuals in our study. High seroprevalences were noted in Argentina 4. In conclusion, we found that predictors of HIV infection across the continent were STI and length of CSW; however, use of illegal drugs, especially marijuana, and sexual contacts with foreigners were also found to be associated risk factors in the Southern Cone region. Our data also strongly suggest that illegal drug use appears to have an ever increasing role in the spread of HIV among heterosexually active populations. Effective, public health oriented, local education and intervention programmes must be tailored to this vulnerable portion of the population according to local prevailing sexual and social behavioural risk patterns, as well as continued surveillance among FCSW and their clients to monitor trends in HIV prevalences in these populations in the region. We also appreciate the assistance of Steve Harvey. CTB and JLS conceived the idea for this manuscript, generated the initial working draft, conducted statistical analyses of the data, and coordinated collaborators' responses. LS, JS, and PC participated in the Peruvian study design, implementation, and data collection, as well as coordinated study protocol approval in Peru, and commented on initial manuscript draft and reviewer comments. All authors listed were involved in the interpretation of the results of the different studies, as well as in the review and approval of the final version of this manuscript. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Sex Transm Infect. Find articles by C T Bautista. Find articles by J L Sanchez. Find articles by S M Montano. Find articles by L Suarez. Find articles by J Sanchez. Find articles by P Campos. Find articles by C Gallardo. Find articles by C Mosquera. Find articles by M Villafane. Find articles by N Aguayo. Find articles by M M Avila. Find articles by M Weissenbacher. Find articles by E Ramirez. Find articles by R Child. Find articles by M Serra. Find articles by C Aponte. Find articles by A Mejia. Find articles by N Velazques. Find articles by A Gianella. Find articles by J Perez. Find articles by J G Olson. Find articles by J K Carr. Accepted Nov Open in a new tab. Statistically significant variables are shown in bold. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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