Public Spreading

Public Spreading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spreading is the act of speaking extremely fast during a competitive debating event, with the intent that one's opponent will be penalized for failing to respond to all arguments raised. It is a portmanteau of "speed" and "reading". [1] The tactic relies on the fact that "failing to answer all opposing arguments" is an easy criterion for judges to award a win on, and that speaking fast and fielding an overwhelming number of distinct arguments can be a viable strategy. [2]

Spreading dominated the US school debate circuit in the 1990s. In the early 2000s, the style itself became a topic of many debates, [3] with some arguing that it was exclusionary and possibly discriminatory, as it focused on speaking fast rather than being impassioned about a subject, and some educational companies began selling debate prep materials to assist those employing the style in packing as many topics as possible into their arguments, creating an advantage for those with more money. [2]

The public forum debate format was introduced in the early 2000s, with the intent of slowing speakers down by rewarding deeper arguments, and in 2016 the "Big Questions" format explicitly required a "conversational speaking speed and tone". [3] As of 2018 [update] , spreading was described as still being "de rigueur" at Lincoln–Douglas debate format events. [3]

Senator Ted Cruz , who was a national debating champion in his student days, described spreading as "a pernicious disease that has undermined the very essence of high school and college debate". [3]

This speech and debate-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .

Jordan Burchette, for CNN • Updated 9th June 2017
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(CNN) — If you've ever crammed into the back of a Toyota with one or more males over the age of seven, you're likely familiar with the phenomenon recently popularized as manspreading.
A target of women's websites and public transit authorities, the practice involves the widening of a man's legs while seated such that those adjacent must bonsai themselves into what little sittable space remains in a bus or airplane row. Or, in the case of subway benches, often abstain from sitting at all.
Who are these entitled thigh wideners? And why has this only now become a recognized social phenomenon?
What critical man-mass elevated this interpersonal mansgression to the level of cultural manstay? And -- at the risk of mansplaining -- it turns out there's much in a name, albeit an unimaginative one.
Because, while the formation of the seated V is as old as recumbency itself, calling it manspreading has helped it achieve such widespread manfamy.
Jerkiness may be in the eyes of the people sitting around you, but there's usually no shortage in the skies. Click through the gallery of 20 top irritating air plane behaviors.
There was a time when a man could do or wear something without it necessitating its own gender-specific prefix -- slip on a pair of flip-flops, grab your rucksack and hit the town with one of your bros.
Now, however, those are mandals on your feet, a manbag on your shoulder and a man date to which you've just committed yourself for the evening.
It's a means of (lazily) ascribing male characteristics to characteristically female things -- some would say to the detriment of both genders, but with the express intent of ridiculing the former.
There's no question: It's getting tougher and tougher to be a man in this world.
Admittedly, we're nowhere near that trend actually ascending to the level of qualifiedly "tough" at all, but the Oxford English Dictionary isn't helping matters.
Last year, the gold mandard (sorry) of English elocution dignified with its own entry the word "manspreading," defined as "the practice whereby a man, especially one traveling on public transportation, adopts a sitting position with his legs wide apart, in such a way as to encroach on an adjacent seat or seats."
Cheap but effective, the term has only recently gained traction, but the practice predates the OED itself. In 1836, The Times of London published a series of guidelines for considerate coexistence on public transportation titled the Omnibus Law.
Right there at No. 5 (out of 12) are the underpinnings of what we would come to know 180 years later as manspreading: "Sit with your limbs straight, and do not with your legs describe an angle of 45, thereby occupying the room of two persons."
It was evidently one of the earliest recorded mic drops, because nearly two centuries would pass before the next major polemic on the subject, an AM New York article published in 2014, would again admonish public transportation's most self-indulgent seat imperialists.
It, however, is regarded as the first such screed to give name to their crimes against plier-legged fellow passengers.
"Manspreading" had gone mainstream.
What was once an unspoken infraction was now a full-blown cultural construct. And if you ask Oxford, New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority is to credit/blame.
Travelers could learn a thing or two from this dog, who knows that on the moving walkway you walk, not stop.
By Oxford English Dictionary standards, the term "manspreading" skyrocketed into common use, powered by the MTA's fall 2014 Courtesy Counts campaign.
Now the agency has launched an exhibit dedicated in part to the social misdemeanor, called "Transit Etiquette Or: How I Learned to Stop Spitting and Step Aside in 25 Languages."
The exhibit is out to illustrate that while the term might be modern, the act of manspreading is as old as group seating.
"There have been campaigns like this going back to almost the beginning of the subway," says Senior Manager of Exhibitions for the MTA's New York Transit Museum Rob Delbagno, suggesting a measure of futility in trying to repel the manspreading menace.
"We found stuff going back to 1915, and most of the problems they were talking about then were the same as now," he concedes.
Posters and other various signage from the collection depict subway-riding vulgarians in the 1940s littering, blocking doors, resting their feet on seats and, of course, describing leg angles greater than 44 degrees.
In a country where obesity rates are an escalating epidemic and a town where space is a dwindling premium, manspreading takes on a defense readiness condition beyond mere novelty. But it isn't limited to the Five Boroughs.
"As we started looking at it, we realized this is not unique to New York, so we started looking around and pulling together things from all over the world," Delbagno says.
Part public service, part cultural chronicle, the exhibit has been extended to October 30 due to overwhelming popular response, providing ample time for the MTA to educate mass transit's masses on this mandemic.
Which kind of monster does manspreading make you?
But when you really need to judge someone, there's no substitute for science, which is already hard at work to classify perpetrators of lap-tuse seating.
"It needs more academic attention and I think it's going to get it now," UCLA professor of behavioral psychology Uri Maoz says regarding manspreaders.
Unfortunately for those seeking closure, there might actually be an evolutionary explanation motivating these femoral fascists.
"There is some research that suggests that under some circumstances women might find this more attractive," Maoz says.
Indeed, preliminary findings reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggest that adopting an "expansive (vs. contractive) body posture increases one's romantic desirability" at a rate 25% greater than when not being a terrible person.
In other words, chicks dig manspreading whether they know it consciously or not.
"Postural expansion can dramatically increase a person's chances of making a successful initial romantic connection," the report concluded, because it's "considered to express both dominance and openness."
Of course, the possible traits associated with manspreading aren't all so winsome.
"My intuition would be that people who say it's fine would probably also have other characteristics, like a more positive attitude toward porn, for instance," Maoz says.
Preferred subway reading material notwithstanding, if evolutionary manspreading and the messages crafted to combat it have existed for centuries, what hope should riders of public transportation have that any of these efforts will do something to stop these narcissistic knee Nazis?
The MTA's Delbagno urges patience -- and reminds us to be grateful manspreading doesn't come with any emissions.
"Spitting was big in the [1900s] and '20s when tuberculosis was a problem in the city. Now you don't have to tell people not to spit," the MTA's Delbagno recalls. "Human behavior changes slowly."
Jordan Burchette is a freelance writer and editor based in Los Angeles.
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The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) calls on members of the public to refrain from distributing and spreading false information about the organisation’s data collectors.
This follows a series of false Facebook posts and WhatsApp voice messages that have been circulating on social media for the past few weeks, particularly in the Free State, claiming that the HSRC data collectors are either defrauding or robbing communities.
The HSRC’s Acting CEO, Professor Leickness Simbayi, reassured members of the public that there was no truth in the circulating malicious messages.
He emphasised that community members’ safety was the organisation’s priority.
“We, therefore, encourage members of the public to report any suspicious activity to the police or to verify the authenticity of HSRC fieldworkers with the organisation whenever they are in doubt. Our field workers are often identifiable by their HSRC-marked bibs and identity cards,” Simbayi said.
In addition, the vehicles are also marked with various project logos on their doors.
“When our data collectors arrive at different households, they introduce themselves and provide an explanation for their study,” added Simbayi.
Although participation in HSRC surveys is voluntary, the institution said it was important that as many people living in South Africa as possible participate.
According to the HSRC, the data will generate an accurate and credible sample of the target population.
It will also inform the country’s response to various issues such as HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, food and nutrition security and service delivery to ensure lives and livelihoods are continually protected and improved.
The HSRC conducts large-scale, policy-relevant, social-sciences research for public sector users, non-governmental organisations and international development agencies.
Research activities and structures are aligned with South Africa’s national development priorities.
The HSRC is currently conducting several surveys across the country, including the sixth South African HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey (SABSSM VI), The South African national survey on health, life experiences, and family relations (SANSHEF) and the National Food and Nutrition Security Survey (NFNSS).
The research institution said former President Nelson Mandela first commissioned the SABSSM VI in 2001. The study is a population-based, cross-sectional survey of households throughout South Africa.
It is conducted to understand the factors driving the HIV epidemic and its dynamics and is used to inform policies and strategies to tackle the epidemic and is repeated approximately every five years.
This year marks the 20th anniversary of the first round of the survey.
In addition, one important addition to the study year is that a sub-sample of participants will be randomly selected to test for SARS-Cov-2 antibodies and better understand the true impact of SARS-Cov-2 in South Africa.
For more information about HSRC surveys or if members of the public are in doubt, they can visit www.hsrc.ac.za or call 012 302 2000. – SAnews.gov.za
Media are welcome to utilise all stories, pictures and other material on this site as well as from our Facebook and Twitter accounts, at no cost.
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