Psilocybe semilanceata

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Psilocybe semilanceata , commonly known as the liberty cap , is a psilocybin or 'magic' mushroom that contains the psychoactive compounds psilocybin , psilocin and baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and one of the most potent. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped cap , up to 2. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their stipes tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed narrowly attached , and they are initially cream -colored before tinting purple as the spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in mass , ellipsoid in shape, and measure The mushroom grows in grassland habitats, especially wetter areas. It is widely distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere , particularly in Europe, and has been reported occasionally in temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere as well. The earliest reliable history of P. The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal in many countries. Several molecular studies published in the s demonstrated that Psilocybe , as it was defined then, was polyphyletic. However, the generally accepted lectotype a specimen later selected when the original author of a taxon name did not designate a type of the genus as a whole was Psilocybe montana , which is a non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species. If the non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species in the study were to be segregated, it would have left the hallucinogenic clade without a valid name. To resolve this dilemma, several mycologists proposed in a publication to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. As they explained, conserving the name Psilocybe in this way would prevent nomenclatural changes to a well-known group of fungi, many species of which are 'linked to archaeology, anthropology, religion, alternate life styles, forensic science, law enforcement, laws and regulation'. The proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. The mushroom takes its common name from the Phrygian cap , also known as the 'liberty cap', which it resembles; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] P. In the 18th century Phrygian caps were placed on Liberty poles , which resemble the stipe of the mushroom. The cap of P. It varies in shape from sharply conical to bell-shaped, often with a prominent papilla a nipple-shaped structure , and does not change shape considerably as it ages. The cap margin is initially rolled inward but unrolls to become straight or even curled upwards in maturity. The cap is hygrophanous , meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration. When it is moist, the cap is ochraceous to pale brown to dark chestnut brown, but darker in the center, often with a greenish-blue tinge. When moist, radial grooves striations can be seen on the cap that correspond to the positions of the gills underneath. When the cap is dry, it becomes much paler, a light yellow-brown color. When the cap dries from exposure to the sun, the film turns whitish and is no longer peelable. Their color is initially pale brown, but becomes dark gray to purple-brown with a lighter edge as the spores mature. It has a farinaceous similar to freshly ground flour odor and taste. All parts of the mushroom will stain a bluish color if handled or bruised, and it may naturally turn blue with age. In deposit , the spores are a deep reddish purple-brown color. The use of a light microscope can reveal further details: The hyphae comprising the ixocutis are cylindrical, hyaline , and 1—3. There are clamp connections present in the hyphae of all tissues. The anamorphic form of P. In culture , grown in a petri dish , the fungus forms a white to pale orange cottony or felt-like mat of mycelia. The conidia formed are straight to curved, measuring 2. Scottish mycologist Roy Watling described sequestrate truffle -like or secotioid versions of P. Their gills were narrow, closely crowded together, and anastomosed fused together in a vein-like network. The color of the gills was sepia with a brownish vinaceous red wine-colored cast, and a white margin. The thick-walled ellipsoid spores were Despite the significant differences in morphology, molecular analysis showed the secotioid version to be the same species as the typical morphotype. There are several other Psilocybe species that may be confused with P. It has somewhat smaller spores than P. This mushroom can be distinguished from P. It differs from P. Psilocybe semilanceata fruits solitarily or in groups on rich \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[22\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[31\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and acidic soil, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[32\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[33\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] typically in grasslands , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[34\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] such as meadows , pastures , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[35\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] or lawns. Like some other grassland psilocybin mushroom species such as P. The mushroom is also associated with sedges in moist areas of fields, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[22\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and it is thought to live on the decaying root remains. Laboratory tests have shown P. This antifungal activity, which can be traced at least partly to two phenolic compounds it secretes, helps it compete successfully with other fungal species in the intense competition for nutrients provided by decaying plant matter. The source of the antimicrobial activity is unknown. The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America. In Autumn of more than , Liberty Cap were found growing at Moss Farm in Northwich Cheshire, after 2 years a fungicide spray was used to decimate them, as the picking and drying Psilocybe Mushrooms was not illegal. According to the chemist Augustus Everard Brande , the father and his four children experienced typical symptoms associated with ingestion, including pupil dilation , spontaneous laughter and delirium. According to German mycologist Jochen Gartz , the description of the species is 'fully compatible with current knowledge about Psilocybe semilanceata. Using the technique of paper chromatography , Hofmann confirmed the presence of 0. Their publication was the first report of psilocybin in a European mushroom species; previously, it had been known only in Psilocybe species native to Mexico, Asia and North America. Several studies have quantified the amounts of hallucinogenic compounds found in the fruit bodies of Psilocybe semilanceata. They were able to detect the chemical in specimens that were years old. They concluded that the species was one of the most potent, as well as the most constant in psilocybin levels. Although there are certain caveats with this technique—such as the unconfirmed assumption that these compounds contribute equally to psychoactive properties—it serves as a rough comparison of potency between species. Despite its small size, Psilocybe semilanceata is considered a 'moderately active to extremely potent' hallucinogenic mushroom meaning the combined percentage of psychoactive compounds is typically between 0. Several reports have been published in the literature documenting the effects of consumption of P. Typical symptoms include visual distortions of color, depth and form, progressing to visual hallucinations. The effects are similar to the experience following consumption of LSD , although milder. In one case reported in Poland in , an year-old man developed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome , arrhythmia , and suffered myocardial infarction after ingesting P. The cardiac damage and myocardial infarction was suggested to be a result of either coronary vasoconstriction , or because of platelet hyperaggregation and occlusion of small coronary arteries. One danger of attempting to consume hallucinogenic or other wild mushrooms, especially for novice mushroom hunters, is the possibility of misidentification with toxic species. In one noted case, an otherwise healthy young Austrian man mistook the poisonous Cortinarius rubellus for P. As a result, he suffered end-stage renal failure , and required a kidney transplant. In , a Swedish study reported trace amounts of phenethylamine in P. However, a typical dose of 30 grams of fresh mushrooms will correspond to maximum 4. The authors mention that phenethylamine is rapidly inactivated through metabolic breakdown by monoamine oxidase MAO , but are suggesting that there may be an interaction between phenylethylamine and psilocin the metabolic breakdown product of psilocybin through competitive inhibition of monoamine oxidase enzymes. The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Although many European countries remained open to the use and possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms after the US ban, starting in the s decade there has been a tightening of laws and enforcements. In The Netherlands, where the drug was once routinely sold in licensed cannabis coffee shops and smart shops , laws were instituted in October to prohibit the possession or sale of psychedelic mushrooms—the final European country to do so. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Psilocybe semilanceata Scientific classification Kingdom: Lange Panaeolus semilanceatus Fr. Lange Psilocybe semilanceata. The mushroom gets its common name from its resemblance to the Phrygian cap. Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms. Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum in Latin. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. Documents Mycologiques in French. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Archived from the original PDF on The Marriage of the Sun and Moon: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Consciousness. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. The Oxford English Dictionary 3rd ed. An Introduction to Mycology. Botanical Journal of Scotland. Norwegian Journal of Botany. Annali del Museo civico di Rovereto. Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. New York, New York: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Advances in Plant Sciences. Brande, on a poisonous species of Agaric'. The Medical and Physical Journal: Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Journal of the Forensic Science Society. Sacred Mushroom of Visions: A Sourcebook on the Psilocybin Mushroom 2nd ed. Journal of Forensic Sciences. Brenneisen R, Borner S Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen in German. Journal of Natural Products. British Journal of Psychiatry. International Journal of Cardiology. Identification of Psilocybe semilanceata by PCR\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. International Narcotics Control Board. Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms. White River Junction, Vermont: Mushroom hunting mushroom poisoning list of deadly fungus species list of poisonous fungus species list of psilocybin mushrooms legal status isoxazole mushrooms psilocybin mushrooms. Retrieved from ' https: Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. This page was last edited on 31 October , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Psilocybe semilanceata

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