Прямые зарубежные инвестиции международных компаний

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Foreign direct investment - Wikipedia

Прямые зарубежные инвестиции международных компаний

Прямые иностранные инвестиции — Википедия

A foreign direct investment FDI is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. The origin of the investment does not impact the definition, as an FDI: the investment may be made either 'inorganically' by buying a company in the target country or 'organically' by expanding the operations of an existing business in that country. Broadly, foreign direct investment includes 'mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations, and intra company loans'. In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facility, and a lasting management interest 10 percent or more of voting stock in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture , transfer of technology and expertise. Stock of FDI is the net i. FDI, a subset of international factor movements , is characterized by controlling ownership of a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country. Foreign direct investment is distinguished from foreign portfolio investment, a passive investment in the securities of another country such as public stocks and bonds , by the element of 'control'. Moreover, control of technology, management, even crucial inputs can confer de facto control. For example, Joe S. Bain only explained the internationalization challenge through three main principles: absolute cost advantages, product differentiation advantages and economies of scale. Furthermore, the neoclassical theories were created under the assumption of the existence of perfect competition. Intrigued by the motivations behind large foreign investments made by corporations from the United States of America, Hymer developed a framework that went beyond the existing theories, explaining why this phenomenon occurred, since he considered that the previously mentioned theories could not explain foreign investment and its motivations. Facing the challenges of his predecessors, Hymer focused his theory on filling the gaps regarding international investment. The theory proposed by the author approaches international investment from a different and more firm-specific point of view. As opposed to traditional macroeconomics-based theories of investment, Hymer states that there is a difference between mere capital investment, otherwise known as portfolio investment, and direct investment. The difference between the two, which will become the cornerstone of his whole theoretical framework, is the issue of control, meaning that with direct investment firms are able to obtain a greater level of control than with portfolio investment. Furthermore, Hymer proceeds to criticize the neoclassical theories, stating that the theory of capital movements cannot explain international production. Moreover, he clarifies that FDI is not necessarily a movement of funds from a home country to a host country, and that it is concentrated on particular industries within many countries. In contrast, if interest rates were the main motive for international investment, FDI would include many industries within fewer countries. Another observation made by Hymer went against what was maintained by the neoclassical theories: foreign direct investment is not limited to investment of excess profits abroad. In fact, foreign direct investment can be financed through loans obtained in the host country, payments in exchange for equity patents, technology, machinery etc. Hymer proposed some more determinants of FDI due to criticisms, along with assuming market and imperfections. These are as follows:. The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:. Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms: \\\\\\\\\\\[17\\\\\\\\\\\]. Governmental investment promotion agencies IPAs use various marketing strategies inspired by the private sector to try and attract inward FDI, including diaspora marketing. The rapid growth of world population since has occurred mostly in developing countries. An increase in FDI may be associated with improved economic growth due to the influx of capital and increased tax revenues for the host country. Host countries often try to channel FDI investment into new infrastructure and other projects to boost development. Furthermore, foreign investment can result in the transfer of soft skills through training and job creation, the availability of more advanced technology for the domestic market and access to research and development resources. According to a study conducted by EY , France was in the largest foreign direct investment recipient in Europe, ahead of the UK and Germany. A meta-analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment FDI on local firms in developing and transition countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth. During the global financial crisis FDI fell by over one-third in but rebounded in FDI, which excludes investment in the financial sector, rose 6. As part of the transition by Chinese investors from an interest in developing economies to high-income economies, Europe has become an important destination for Chinese outward FDI. In and , the EU was estimated to be the largest market for Chinese acquisitions, in terms of value. The rapid increase in Chinese takeovers of European companies has fueled concerns among political observers and policymakers over a wide range of issues. These issues include potential negative strategic implications for individual EU member states and the EU as a whole, links between the Chinese Communist Party and the investing enterprises, and the lack of reciprocity in terms of limited access for European investors to the Chinese market. Similarly, concerns among low-income households within Australia have prompted several non-formal inquiries into direct foreign investment activities from China. As a result, numerous Australian political representatives have been investigated, Sam Dastyari \\\\\\\\\\\[32\\\\\\\\\\\] has resigned as a result. As Singh subsequently became the prime minister, this has been one of his top political problems, even in the current times. As per the data, the sectors that attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware. Nine from 10 largest foreign companies investing in India from April — January are based in Mauritius. A study by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco indicated that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets, an effect whose magnitude decreases with income per capita. Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United States also invest more in U. White House data reported in found that a total of 5. President Barack Obama said in , 'In a global economy, the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs and industries of the future. Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people. Foreign direct investment by country \\\\\\\\\\\[51\\\\\\\\\\\] and by industry \\\\\\\\\\\[52\\\\\\\\\\\] are tracked by Statistics Canada. The UK has a very free market economy and is open to foreign investment. The government of Armenia has introduces some measures, such as free economic zones for high-tech industries that in turn facilitate the provision of preferential treatment to companies on VAT, property tax, corporate profit tax and customs duties. Alongside the reforms, significant mineral resources, relatively skilled and inexpensive labor and its geographic location are likewise factors that might attract FDI in Armenia. In , \\\\\\\\\\\[55\\\\\\\\\\\] for the first time, Russia regulated the form, range and favorable policy of FDI in Russia. In , \\\\\\\\\\\[55\\\\\\\\\\\] a consulting council of FDI was an established in Russia, which was responsible for setting tax rate and policies for exchange rate, improving investment environment, mediating relationship between central and local government, researching and improving images of FDI work, and increasing the right and responsibility of Ministry of Economic in appealing FDI and enforcing all kinds of policies. In , \\\\\\\\\\\[55\\\\\\\\\\\] Russia starts to enact policies appealing for FDI on particular industries, for example, fossil fuel, gas, woods, transportation, food reprocessing, etc. In , \\\\\\\\\\\[55\\\\\\\\\\\] Russia banned FDI on strategic industries, such as military defense and country safety. In , \\\\\\\\\\\[56\\\\\\\\\\\] president Putin announced that once abroad Russian investment inflows legally, it would not be checked by tax or law sector. This is a favorable policy of Putin to appeal Russian investment to come back. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Foreign ownership of a controlling stake of a business. Overview of Fort Zeelandia in Dutch Formosa in the 17th-century. Groot Constantia , the oldest wine estate in South Africa. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Business and economics portal. University of Michigan Press, , p. European Review 22 3 : pp. The Economic History Review 67 4 : — Monumenta Serica 23 1 : — Laurence G. Thompson noted, 'The most striking fact about the historical knowledge of Formosa is the lack of it in Chinese records. It is truly astonishing that this very large island, so close to the mainland that on exceptionally clear days it may be made out from certain places on the Fukien coast with the unaided eye, should have remained virtually beyond the ken of Chinese writers down until late Ming times seventeenth century. Retrieved 17 November Transnational corporations and international production: Concepts, theories and effects. ISBN Journal of International Business Studies. ISSN S2CID Retrieved 12 July Retrieved 23 September Advocates for International Development. Archived from the original PDF on 21 September Retrieved 21 August States regularly offer tax incentives to inbound investors. Inbound Business Tax Planning, at A Journal of Cleaner Production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. PMID Population Health Metrics. PMC Science of the Total Environment. Bibcode : ScTEn. Retrieved 17 September Retrieved 24 October Retrieved 17 July Greyhill Advisors. 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