Пробы кокаин Маньчжурия

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Пробы кокаин Маньчжурия

By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Baron R. Baron Ungern, traditionalist and one of first eurasianists, became the key figure in finding the independence of modern Mongolia. This book is a full reconstruction of life and activities of Baron Ungern, based on all available materials, including those from Russian, Mongolian, Estonian, American, Japanese and other archives. These data, based in a large part of formerly unknown materials, are discussed in general context of events in Mongolia and Siberia of that time. Some legends related to Baron Ungern are also discussed. The book includes biography of the last Great Khan of Mongolia, whose power was restored by Ungern. Unpublished documents and memoirs added. The book may be interesting for historians, political scientists, ethnographers, orientalists and all interested in the history of Russia and Mongolia. English contents included. Sergius L. The Introduction contains an overview of the studies undertaken, the main sources and an outline of the different research approaches. Part I. Preconditions and the Formation of Theocracy. Chapter 1. World-View Systems in China, the Yuan and the Qing Empires: Religion, the Problem of Legitimization and the Legacy of States contains a comparative analysis of the traditional Chinese, Yuan, and Qing world-view systems, data on the formation and history of the Qing Empire, legitimization of the Qing power for Chinese and Mongolian people, the crisis in the Qing, the problem of the legacy from the Qing Empire for republican China. The Qing Empire was not the same as China; its world-forming view in many aspects was fundamentally different from that of China. It is argued that Republican China has no historical legacy from the Qing Empire and that Mongols were subjected to the Manchu emperors of the Qing state and not to China. Chapter 2. The Formation of the Mongolian Theocracy describes the origin and early formation of Mongolian Theocracy after the dispersal of the Gelug sect in Mongolia, as well as a the clerical hierarchy, theocracy and monasteries. Chapter 3. The history of the colonization of Barga, Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia is described using data from archives and published reports of witnesses. Part II. The Realization of the Concept of Theocratic Statehood. Chapter 4. Proclamation of Independence of Mongolia contains the description of how the Khalkha Mongols proclaimed their independence in Chapter 5. Absolute Theocratic Monarchy describes the system existed in Mongolia in — Outer Mongolia is considered the center of Mongolian statehood. The attempts by the Mongols to co-opt Barga, Inner Mongolia and Kukunor into the state, the illegitimate occupation of Outer Mongolia by the Chinese and her liberation in by Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg are all described. It was only the capture of northern Maimacheng that was done by the Red Mongolian troops. Special sections are devoted to the population of Mongolia and its social structure, administrative and territorial division, and their changes in different periods. Brief information on the economy, defense and education, as well as anti-feudal movements is provided. As the newly declared monarch, the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu acquired the power of an emperor in relation to ruling the territory, taxing his subjects, his legislative and judicial authority, approval of officials, granting titles and honorary awards etc. The Russian-Mongolian treaty on November 3, , in reality had significant differences between its meaning in equivalent Russian and Mongolian versions: for the former it meant autonomy and for the latter independence. As such, Mongols considered this treaty to be an international recognition of their state. In fact, the unambiguous recognition of the autonomy of Outer Mongolia under the suzerainty of China was done in the tripartite Kyakhta Agreement on June 7, However, this autonomous status did not mean that Outer Mongolia had become inalienable part of China, but that the latter held only formal suzerain rights over Mongolia. Indeed Outer Mongolia maintained the key characteristics of statehood. Chapter 6. Part III. The Demise of Theocracy Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Its methods and the rates of change are analyzed with statistical data being shown on the waning numbers of clergy, monasteries, temples, and clerical property to illustrate the process of the demise of the Buddhist church and theocracy during this period. Chapter 9. Attempts at the Conservation of the Theocracy are described in detail: attempts at the restoration of the absolute monarchy in the period — ; the searches for the reincarnation of the 8th Bogdo Gegen, and other Khutuktus and Khubilgans; conspiracies and rebellions after Detailed data on trials and repressions are provided. Conclusion draws out generalizations from the chapters. It concludes that Tibetan theocracy served as a model for the development of Mongolian theocracy. The theocratic structures promoted by the Manchu emperors, became alternative centers of influence and authority in Mongolia. All popular movements among Mongols at that time were directed at the removal of the injustice of officials and aristocrats not clergy but were not promoting a change of the social system. Proclamation of independence as a theocratic monarchy of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu reflected the legacy of great khan authority which was transferred by the kinship from Genghis Khan to the 1st Bogdo Gegen, and then in the line of reincarnations to the 8th Bogdo Gegen. The enthronement of the 8th Bogdo Gegen combined the tradition of proclaiming great khans from Genghis with the tradition of Buddhist monarchs and reincarnating great lamas. The supreme authority in both Mongolia and Tibet were similarly designated: with religious and lay authority combined together. This combination corresponded to the new perception of the legitimization of the supreme authority experienced by the Mongols from the 16th Century onwards. Analysis of the situation in Mongolia revealed that there were no preconditions for social revolution, and there was no anti-clerical mood among people. Neither socialism, nor democracy but traditionalism under the theocratic authority of the Bogdo Gegen was the choice of people in Outer Mongolia. However, with regard to China, Outer Mongolia could not keep its independence without external support. The weakening of Buddhist clerical structures in early years of the MPP rule consisted mainly in limitating the authority of the aristocracy and higher theocratic structures. After the death of the 8th Bogdo Gegen in and the proclamation of MPR, the Party conducted a policy of gradual expulsion of aristocrats and theocrats from the ruling structures, some control over the church and splitting up of the clergy. This was accompanied by an unprecedented number of conspiracies and uprisings thus creating a challenge to the rule of MPRP. At this point the Mongolian leader, Kh. Choibalsan, followed J. The documents studied show that highest and most educated lamas were the most common victims of repressions. Most of charges at their trials can be shown to be falsified. This is reflected in the political succession of the modern State of Mongolia from the theocratic monarchy of the 8th Bogdo Gegen. I analyzed mechanisms of transformation of the monarchic system in Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet to socialist systems in the first half of the 20th Century. Considering differences between these states in their social systems and historical trajectories in that period, we can note some traits of similarity. All these countries were absolute monarchies legitimized power of their monarchs by religion Buddhism or Islam ; they were dependent on Russia, the Qing Empire, or China; their society was traditional. As Khiva, Bukhara, Outer Mongolia and Tibet had no internal forces which could incite revolution, they should receive a communist 'help' which was, in fact, an export of revolution. The concept of assistance to revolutionary state in promoting revolution abroad, which was adopted by the communists, dates back to the days of the revolutionary France. Very narrow group of indigenous peoples, indoctrinated with revolutionary views, have been recruited abroad among the people from Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet. Communists 'justified' their military invasions to these states by statements that local people are suffering from the oppression of local exploiters and foreign imperialists, and they are not able to overthrow them; a backward country needs modernization; they need to support revolutionary groups because they reflect aspirations of the people. In respect of Tibet, the Chinese leadership used sinocentric historical myth that the Qing Empire is identical to China and it includes Tibet as its integral part. The 'help' of the communists for 'workers liberation' was originally mortgaged future struggle against religion until its dissolution. The power of feudal lords was eliminated first, and then the church has become one of the main objects of struggle. This was due to the need of legitimization of the new government, which interfered with traditional religious legitimization, since the communism opposes to religion in its doctrine. Further developments of these countries displayed steady dismantling of clerical structures and replacement of the religious worldview to the materialistic. There were no internal factors for revolutions in Khiva, Bukhara, Mongolia and Tibet. Yusupova Tatiana. The book analyses the most important reasons for the large-scale Soviet scientific initiatives in Mongolia, their legal grounds, aims, objects and the main trends of the expedition work of the Mongolian Commission, as well as the interaction of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Mongolian Scientific Committee. Victor Dublennikh. В монографии освещается процесс строительства вооруженных формирований Красной армии на Урале в годы гражданской войн. Представлены исторические справки на части и соединения Рабоче-Крестьянской Красной Армии, созданные в — гг. Книга является источниковым документом по истории строительства Вооруженных Сил в первые годы Советской власти. Для историков, краеведов и всех интересующихся военной историей. Transformation of the views of Mongolian authorities on the status of Tuva Uriankhai after the proclamation of independence of Mongolia in is discussed in the context of relations between Mongolia, Tuva and Russia. The lack of legal fixation of solution of the Uriankhai issue by the Russian Empire and Mongolia created uncertainty and basis for further territorial disputes. During the period of theocratic monarchy in Mongolia — , Mongolian authorities considered Tuva as a part of Mongolia based on the former Qing subordination of Uriankhai to the authorities of Western Mongolia. In Tuva, there was a spectrum of opinions on its new status, main of whose tended to self-dependence, to Mongolia and to Russia, with very few tended to China. Using this uncertainty, the Republic of China tried to 'return' Outer Mongolia together with Uriankhai claiming the whole territorial 'heredity' of the collapsed Qing Empire whose parts were China, Mongolia and Uriankhai. Failure of these attempts was connected with liberation of the Outer Mongolia by Baron R. Ungern and, then, with establishment of the Soviet influence on Mongolia and Tuva. Main arguments of the latter were similarity of the people of Tuva and Mongolia in their historical background, customs, religion, writing system etc. The course to independence of Tuva together with pro-communist ideas, conducted by its government, caused rebellions in and , successfully quelled by its government with the assistance of authorities of Soviet Russia and pro-Soviet Mongolia. Unpublished documents are provided. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Кузьмин С. История барона Унгерна: опыт реконструкции. History of Baron Ungern: an Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Related Papers. Панмонгольское движение — гг. The Pan-Mongolian Movement in the — and the Mongolian statehood. Теократическая государственность и буддийская церковь Монголии в начале ХХ века. Moscow: KMK, p. Советско-китайские отношения и проблема статуса Монголии в х гг. Kuzmin S. Sino-Soviet relations and problem of the status of Mongolia in s. Монархическое Монгольское государство в — гг. The monarchic Mongolian State in — Письма барона Р. Механизмы ликвидации монархий в странах Внутренней Азии в первой половине ХХ в. Mechanisms of elimination of monarchies in the states of Inner Asia in the first half of the 20th Century. Монгольская комиссия Академии наук. Its creation and activities Донесения о монголах Синьцзяна в х годах. Красная армия на Урале. Урянхайский вопрос и монголо-тувинские отношения в начале ХХ века Kuzmin S. The Uriankhai issue and Mongolia-Tuva relations in the early 20th Century.

Пробы кокаин Маньчжурия