Private User

🛑 ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻

Private User
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Unicode three ranges of code points that not be assigned characters by the Unicode Consortium
For Private Use characters used in Wikipedia pages, see MOS:PUA
This article is about the Unicode PUA range of codepoints. For other uses, see Private use area (disambiguation) .
Code points U+FFFFE, U+FFFFF, U+10FFFE, and U+10FFFF are noncharacters , not private-use characters.
Private Use Plane : Unicode has not published identifying names for planes 15 and 16 . Chapter 2.8 says The two Private Use Planes (Planes 15 and 16) , while the PUA block names used are Supplementary PUA-A and Supplementary PUA-B .

^ The last two characters of every plane are defined to be noncharacters . The remaining 65,534 characters of each of planes 15 and 16 are assigned as private-use characters.



^ "Glossary of Unicode Terms: "Private Use Area (PUA)" " . Unicode Consortium .

^ "Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policy" . 2021-11-10 . Retrieved 2022-03-03 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Chapter 23 Special Areas and Format Characters" (PDF) . The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification . Private Use characters.

^ Jump up to: a b "Unicode 1.0.1" (PDF) . The Unicode Standard . 1992-11-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-02 . Retrieved 2016-07-09 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Unicode character database" . The Unicode Standard . Archived from the original on 2014-03-12 . Retrieved 2016-07-09 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard" . The Unicode Standard . Archived from the original on 2016-06-29 . Retrieved 2016-07-09 .

^ "3.5: Private Use Area" (PDF) . The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0, Volume 1 . Unicode Consortium . pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-201-56788-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-21 . Retrieved 2021-10-11 .

^ Jump up to: a b "2.0: Changes in Unicode 1.0" (PDF) . The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 . Unicode Consortium . pp. 3–4. UTR #4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20 . Retrieved 2021-10-11 .

^ Whistler, Ken (2000). "Necessary changes for ISO/IEC 10646 regarding the PUA" . UTC /00-015. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23 . Retrieved 2021-01-30 .

^ "Letter Database" . Eki.ee. Archived from the original on 2018-05-21 . Retrieved 2013-04-11 .

^ "Character Sets: East Asian Characters: Alternative Unicode Mappings for MARC 21 Characters Assigned to the Private Use Area (PUA): MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of Congress)" . Loc.gov. 2004-09-02. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-11 .

^ "tunerfc.tn.nic.in" . tunerfc.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2010-07-29 . Retrieved 2013-04-11 .

^ "Unicode Corporate Use Subarea as used by Adobe Systems" . October 22, 1998. Archived from the original on October 9, 2002 . Retrieved May 12, 2021 .

^ "NSOpenStepUnicodeReservedBase - Apple Developer Documentation" . Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06 . Retrieved 2020-10-16 .

^ Apple Computer, Inc. (2005) [1994]. "CORPCHAR.TXT - Registry (external version) of Apple use of Unicode corporate-zone characters" . c03. Unicode Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30 . Retrieved 2020-10-16 .

^ "WGL4 Unicode Range U+2013 through U+FB02" . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2014-07-17.

^ "SFM Converts Macintosh HFS Filenames to NTFS Unicode" . Microsoft Support . February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016.

^ "ntfs.util.c" . 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07 . Retrieved 2018-08-07 . Invalid NTFS filename characters are encodeded [ sic ] using the SFM (Services for Macintosh) private use Unicode characters.

^ "The range of characters between U+F020 and U+F0FF in the Private Use Area of Unicode is mapped to symbol fonts in Richedit 4.1" . Microsoft Knowledge Base . Archived from the original on 2013-03-18.

^ "Handling of PUA Characters in Microsoft Software" . SIL International . 2003-04-25. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11 . Retrieved 2014-03-04 .

^ "Comment #8 : Bug #651606 (circle-of-friends) : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family" . Launchpad . Archived from the original on 2020-10-17 . Retrieved 2020-10-17 .

^ "Comment #2 : Bug #853855 : Bugs : Ubuntu Font Family" . Launchpad . Archived from the original on 2020-10-17 . Retrieved 2020-10-17 .

^ "Powerline status line plugin question on Stack Exchange mentioning private use area characters" . Archived from the original on 2015-03-12 . Retrieved 2015-03-22 .

^ "Pictures showing private use area characters in Powerline patched fonts" . Archived from the original on 2015-05-11 . Retrieved 2015-03-22 .

^ "lmb-excp.ucm" . GitHub . 2000-02-10. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25 . Retrieved 2020-04-23 .

^ "Anhang 2. Der Lotus Multibyte Zeichensatz (LMBCS)" [Appendix 2. The Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS)]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Referenzhandbuch [ Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Reference Manual ] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation . 1989. pp. A2–1 – A2–13. 302168.

^ "CPGID 01445 (chart)" (PDF) . REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages . 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F.

^ "CPGID 01445: IBM AFP PUA No. 1" . REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages . 2012 [2011]. C-H 3-3220-050. The area shown in the chart above represents only 254 bytes of row FF in plane 0F.

^ "CPGID 01449: IBM default PUA" . IBM Globalization: Code page identifiers . IBM . Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. IBM has designated 195 positions from U+F83D to U+F8FF for use as IBM Corporate-zone and intends to use them consistently within IBM whenever there is a need to maintain the round-trip integrity of IBM characters.

^ IBM (1997). unicode.nam: Allow the Unicode characters to be specified using either the IBM or PostScript like names . (Included with Borgendale, Ken, OS/2 Codepage and Keyboard Display Tools )

^ "Configuring character mapping for SMB file name translation on FlexVol volumes" . Archived from the original on 2021-12-04 . Retrieved 2021-12-04 .

^ "Twitter Chirp Font" . Copy Paste Dump . Retrieved 2022-02-08 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )

^ "Standard ECMA-48, Fifth Edition - June 1991" (PDF) . §8.2.14 Miscellaneous control functions, §8.3.100, §8.3.101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-12.

^ "C1 Control Character Set of ISO 6429" (PDF) . ITSCJ. IPSJ. 1983-10-01 . Retrieved 2022-03-03 .

^ "Chapter 4 Character Properties" (PDF) . The Unicode Standard Version 14.0 - Core Specification . Table 4-4.

^ "Map (external version) from Mac OS Japanese encoding to Unicode 2.1 and later" . Archived from the original on 2021-08-31 . Retrieved 2021-10-08 .


In Unicode , a Private Use Area ( PUA ) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the Unicode Consortium . [1] Three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane ( U+E000–U+F8FF ), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16 ( U+F0000–U+FFFFD , U+100000–U+10FFFD ). The code points in these areas cannot be considered as standardized characters in Unicode itself. They are intentionally left undefined so that third parties may define their own characters without conflicting with Unicode Consortium assignments. Under the Unicode Stability Policy, [2] the Private Use Areas will remain allocated for that purpose in all future Unicode versions.

Assignments to Private Use Area characters need not be private in the sense of strictly internal to an organisation; a number of assignment schemes have been published by several organisations. Such publication may include a font that supports the definition (showing the glyphs), and software making use of the private-use characters (e.g. a graphics character for a "print document" function). By definition, multiple private parties may assign different characters to the same code point, with the consequence that a user may see one private character from an installed font where a different one was intended.


Under the Unicode definition, code points in the Private Use Areas are assigned characters—they are not noncharacters, reserved, or unassigned. Their category is " Other, private use (Co) ", and no character names are specified. No representative glyphs are provided, and character semantics are left to private agreement.
Private-use characters are assigned Unicode code points whose interpretation is not specified by this standard and whose use may be determined by private agreement among cooperating users. These characters are designated for private use and do not have defined, interpretable semantics except by private agreement.


No charts are provided for private-use characters, as any such characters are, by their very nature, defined only outside the context of this standard. [3]
In the Basic Multilingual Plane (plane 0), the block titled Private Use Area has 6400 code points.

Planes 15 and 16 are almost [note 1] entirely assigned to two further Private Use Areas, Supplementary Private Use Area-A and Supplementary Private Use Area-B respectively. In UTF-16 a subset of the high surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) is used for these and only these planes, and are called High Private Use Surrogates .

There are three PUA blocks in Unicode. [3]

In Unicode 1.0.0, the private use area extended from U+E800 to U+FDFF (i.e. did not include U+E000..E7FF, but additionally included the U+F900..FDFF range now occupied by CJK Compatibility Ideographs , Alphabetic Presentation Forms and Arabic Presentation Forms-A ). [7] This was changed to U+E000..F8FF in Unicode 1.0.1, [4] and remained so in Unicode 1.1. [8] Contrary to misconception, the range U+D800..DFFF (reserved for UTF-16 surrogates since Unicode 2.0) was not included in the private use range of any Unicode 1.x version.

Historically, planes E0 (224) through FF (255), and groups 60 (96) though 7F (127) of the Universal Coded Character Set (i.e. U+E00000 through U+FFFFFF and U+60000000 through U+7FFFFFFF) were also designated as private use. These ranges were removed from the specified private-use ranges when the UCS was restricted to the seventeen planes reachable in UTF-16. [9]

Many people and institutions have created character collections for the PUA. Some of these private use agreements are published, so other PUA implementers can aim for unused or less used code points to prevent overlaps. Several characters and scripts previously encoded in private use agreements have actually been fully encoded in Unicode, necessitating mappings from the PUA to other Unicode code points.

One of the more well-known and broadly implemented PUA agreements is maintained by the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR). The CSUR, which is not officially endorsed or associated with the Unicode Consortium, provides a mapping for constructed scripts, such as Klingon pIqaD and Ferengi script (Star Trek), Tengwar and Cirth (J.R.R. Tolkien's cursive and runic scripts), Alexander Melville Bell's Visible Speech , and Dr. Seuss' alphabet from On Beyond Zebra . The CSUR previously encoded the undeciphered Phaistos characters, as well as the Shavian and Deseret alphabets, which have all been accepted for official encoding in Unicode.

Another common PUA agreement is maintained by the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, precomposed characters , symbols, and alternate letterforms found in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet. The express purpose of MUFI is to experimentally determine which characters are necessary to represent these texts, and to have those characters officially encoded in Unicode. As of Unicode version 5.1, 152 MUFI characters have been incorporated into the official Unicode encoding. [ needs update ]

Some agreed-upon PUA character collections exist in part or whole because the Unicode Consortium is in no hurry to encode them. Some, such as unrepresented languages, are likely to end up encoded in the future. Some unusual cases such as fictional languages are outside the usual scope of Unicode but not explicitly ruled out by the principles of Unicode, and may show up eventually (such as the Star Trek and Tolkien writing systems). In other cases, the proposed encoding violates one or more Unicode principles and hence is unlikely to ever be officially recognized by Unicode—mostly where users want to directly encode alternate forms, ligatures, or base-character-plus-diacritic combinations (such as the TUNE scheme).

Informally, the range U+F000 through U+F8FF is known as the Corporate Use Area. This originates from early versions of Unicode, which defined an "End User Zone" extending from U+E000 upward and a "Corporate Use Zone" extending from U+F8FF downward, with the boundary between the two left undefined. [8]

The concept of reserving specific code points for Private Use is based on similar earlier usage in other character sets. In particular, many otherwise obsolete characters in East Asian scripts continue to be used in specific names or other situations, and so some character sets for those scripts made allowance for private-use characters (such as the user-defined planes of CNS 11643 , or gaiji in certain Japanese encodings). The Unicode standard references these uses under the name "End User Character Definition" (EUCD). [3]

Additionally, the C1 control block contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by ECMA-48 : 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2). [33] [34] Unicode includes these at U+0091 and U+0092 but defines them as control characters (category Cc ), not private-use characters (category Co ). [5] [35]

Encodings which do not have private use areas but have more or less unused areas, such as ISO/IEC 8859 and Shift JIS , have seen uncontrolled variants of these encodings evolve. [36] For Unicode, software companies can use the Private Use Areas for their desired additions.

UTF-16 encodes these characters using codepoints from the block High Private Use Surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) in the BMP.

Note : Version 1.0.1 moved and expanded the Private Use Area block (previously located at U+E800-U+FDFF in version 1.0.0). [4] [5] [6]
U+F0000..U+FFFFF (65,536 code points)
0 reserved code points 2 non-characters
U+100000..U+10FFFF (65,536 code points)
0 reserved code points 2 non-characters
Artificial and some ancient/medieval scripts

Header Search Search site Submit search
July 30, 2022 By Sven Taylor — 430 Comments

RestorePrivacy Checklist



Secure browser : Modified Firefox or Brave VPN : NordVPN ( 68% Off Coupon ) or Surfshark Ad blocker : uBlock Origin or AdGuard Secure email : Mailfence or Tutanota Secure Messenger : Signal or Threema Private search engine : MetaGer or Swisscows Password manager : NordPass or Bitwarden

Resources to stay safe and secure online
This guide aims to be the most in-depth resource available on private search engines. For this 2022 update, we examine the best private search engines, search results censorship, and how to keep your data safe and secure when searching online.
In today’s world, search engines are a necessity to find what you’re looking for online. Unfortunately, however, there are two big problems you will likely encounter:
This private search engines guide will thoroughly examine both of these problems and provide you with the best reliable solutions and alternatives we can find. So let’s begin by examining the first problem with search engine privacy.
It is sad to say, but most of the big search engines today serve as data collection tools for advertising companies . That’s right, they collect your private data and use it to make money with targeted ads. This is a booming industry where your data ends up in the hands of third parties and you are the product .
Here is the information being collected by some of the larger (not private) search engines:
As you may know, the items you enter into a search engine can disclose highly personal information about you. Things like as medical conditions, employment status, financial information, political beliefs, and other private details. This data can be collected, stored, and linked to detailed digital profiles which can even contain your real identity. The only way to ensure that your data is safe is to keep it out of the hands of the data collectors. To do that, you need to use a private search engine .
Many people are getting fed up with online censorship, particularly when trying to find specific information that was previously available. Censorship can take many forms. With search engines today, censorship can come from filtering, manipulating, and/or blocking certain search results from appearing.
Unfortunately, the censorship problem affects many of the private search engines for these two reasons:
An exception to this may be with independent search engines that deploy their own crawlers , such as with Mojeek , or Brave Search . Additionally, with Searx , you can select which engines it uses.
So let’s examine some alternative private search engines you can start using today.
Finding the best private search engine for your needs is a subjective process. Your circumstances and goals are unique, meaning there’s no one-size-fits-all. Things to consider include:
In a perfect world, a search engine would give you great results while also respecting your privacy. Unfortunately, this isn’t a perfect world. Any of the private search engines in this guide could be the best solution for you. But you will need to test drive the ones that look the best to you to see which is really the best fit. Before we start, there is one issue you need to be aware of:
Metasearch vs search : Most private search engines are technically metasearch engines . While a search engine crawls the internet and gathers its own results, a metasearch engine pulls its search results from other search engines, such as Google, Bing, and Yandex.
There are also a few search engines that fall in the middle by deploying their own crawler, but also pulling results from other search engines.
Note : This list is not necessarily in rank order. Choose the best search engine for you based on your own unique needs and threat model.
Here are the best private search engines:
Jurisdiction : Not applicable ( open source , not based in any one location)
Search results : Fully customizable! You can choose from a large selection of engines to display results.
Searx is an open source metasearch engine that gathers results from other search engines while simultaneously respecting your privacy. Even better, you control which search engines Searx pulls results from, as well as specifying the categories for search results.
Searx customizability comes in handy since Google has been known to block Searx requests. We haven’t seen a good solution to the problem, but you can avoid these kinds of problems by telling Searx to avoid Google (or any other source that causes problems).
Searx also allows you to run your own instance of the search engine. The drawback with your own instance, however, is that your search results won’t be mixed with other users. Searx
Black Widow Overwatch
Xxx Mature Ass
Naked Dungeons