Private Use Area

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Private Use characters used in Wikipedia pages, see MOS:PUA
This article is about the Unicode PUA range of codepoints. For other uses, see Private use area (disambiguation) .
Code points U+FFFFE, U+FFFFF, U+10FFFE, and U+10FFFF are noncharacters , not private-use characters.
Private Use Plane : Unicode has not published identifying names for planes 15 and 16 . Chapter 2.8 says The two Private Use Planes (Planes 15 and 16) , while the PUA block names used are Supplementary PUA-A and Supplementary PUA-B .

^ The last two characters of every plane are defined to be non-characters . The remaining 65,534 characters of each of planes 15 and 16 are assigned as private-use characters.



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In Unicode , a Private Use Area ( PUA ) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the Unicode Consortium . [1] Three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane ( U+E000–U+F8FF ), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16 ( U+F0000–U+FFFFD , U+100000–U+10FFFD ). The code points in these areas cannot be considered as standardized characters in Unicode itself. They are intentionally left undefined so that third parties may define their own characters without conflicting with Unicode Consortium assignments. Under the Unicode Stability Policy, [2] the Private Use Areas will remain allocated for that purpose in all future Unicode versions.

Assignments to Private Use Area characters need not be "private" in the sense of strictly internal to an organisation; a number of assignment schemes have been published by several organisations. Such publication may include a font that supports the definition (showing the glyphs), and software making use of the private-use characters (e.g. a graphics character for a "print document" function). By definition, multiple private parties may assign different characters to the same code point, with the consequence that a user may see one private character from an installed font where a different one was intended.


Under the Unicode definition, code points in the Private Use Areas are assigned characters—they are not noncharacters, reserved, or unassigned. Their category is " Other, private use (Co) ", and no character names are specified. No representative glyphs are provided, and character semantics are left to private agreement.
Private-use characters are assigned Unicode code points whose interpretation is not specified by this standard and whose use may be determined by private agreement among cooperating users. These characters are designated for private use and do not have defined, interpretable semantics except by private agreement.


No charts are provided for private-use characters, as any such characters are, by their very nature, defined only outside the context of this standard. [3]
In the Basic Multilingual Plane (plane 0), the block titled Private Use Area has 6400 code points.

Planes 15 and 16 are almost [note 1] entirely assigned to two further Private Use Areas, Supplementary Private Use Area-A and Supplementary Private Use Area-B respectively. In UTF-16 a subset of the high surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) is used for these and only these planes, and are called High Private Use Surrogates .

Before UTF-16 was developed, U+D800..U+DFFF were also part of the Private Use Area. These code points were changed to surrogate halves used by UTF-16. [ citation needed ]

Historically, planes E0 (224) through FF (255), and groups 60 (96) though 7F (127) of the Universal Coded Character Set (i.e. U+E00000 through U+FFFFFF and U+60000000 through U+7FFFFFFF) were also designated as private use. These ranges were removed from the specified private-use ranges when the UCS was restricted to the seventeen planes reachable in UTF-16. [4]

Many people and institutions have created character collections for the PUA. Some of these private use agreements are published, so other PUA implementers can aim for unused or less used code points to prevent overlaps. Several characters and scripts previously encoded in private use agreements have actually been fully encoded in Unicode, necessitating mappings from the PUA to other Unicode code points.

One of the more well-known and broadly implemented PUA agreements is maintained by the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR). The CSUR, which is not officially endorsed or associated with the Unicode Consortium, provides a mapping for constructed scripts, such as Klingon pIqaD and Ferengi script (Star Trek), Tengwar and Cirth (J.R.R. Tolkien's cursive and runic scripts), Alexander Melville Bell's Visible Speech , and Dr. Seuss' alphabet from On Beyond Zebra . The CSUR previously encoded the undeciphered Phaistos characters, as well as the Shavian and Deseret alphabets, which have all been accepted for official encoding in Unicode.

Another common PUA agreement is maintained by the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, precomposed characters , symbols, and alternate letterforms found in medieval texts written in the Latin alphabet. The express purpose of MUFI is to experimentally determine which characters are necessary to represent these texts, and to have those characters officially encoded in Unicode. As of Unicode version 5.1, 152 MUFI characters have been incorporated into the official Unicode encoding.

Some agreed-upon PUA character collections exist in part or whole because Unicode Consortium is in no hurry to encode them. Some, such as unrepresented languages, are likely to end up encoded in the future. Some unusual cases such as fictional languages are outside the usual scope of Unicode but not explicitly ruled out by the principles of Unicode, and may show up eventually (such as the Star Trek and Tolkien writing systems). In other cases, the proposed encoding violates one or more Unicode principles and hence is unlikely to ever be officially recognized by Unicode—mostly where users want to directly encode alternate forms, ligatures, or base-character-plus-diacritic combinations (such as the TUNE scheme).

Informally, the range U+F000 through U+F8FF is known as the Corporate Use Area.

There are three PUA blocks in Unicode. [22]

The concept of reserving specific code points for Private Use is based on similar earlier usage in other character sets. In particular, many otherwise obsolete characters in East Asian scripts continue to be used in specific names or other situations, and so some character sets for those scripts made allowance for private-use characters (such as the user-defined planes of CNS 11643 , or gaiji in certain Japanese encodings). The Unicode standard references these uses under the name "End User Character Definition" (EUCD). [3]

Additionally, the C1 control block contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by ECMA-48 : 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2). [26] [27] Unicode includes these at U+0091 and U+0092 but defines them as control characters (category Cc ), not private-use characters (category Co ). [24] [28]

Encodings which do not have private use areas but have more or less unused areas, such as ISO/IEC 8859 and Shift JIS , have seen uncontrolled variants of these encodings evolve. [29] For Unicode, software companies can use the Private Use Areas for their desired additions.

UTF-16 encodes these characters using codepoints from the block High Private Use Surrogates (U+DB80..U+DBFF) in the BMP.

Note : Version 1.0.1 moved and expanded the Private Use Area block (previously located at U+E800-U+FDFF in version 1.0.0). [23] [24] [25]
U+F0000..U+FFFFF (65,536 code points)
0 reserved code points 2 non-characters
U+100000..U+10FFFF (65,536 code points)
0 reserved code points 2 non-characters

The characters that appear in the first column of the following table depend on the browser that you are using, the fonts installed on your computer, and the browser options you have chosen that determine the fonts used to display particular character sets, encodings or languages.
For this range, the Unicode standard does not specify any characters – anyone can produce a font and assign any characters they wish to the positions in this range. Windows 2000 and Windows XP include Private Character Editor , which allows characters to be created and assigned to code points in this range. There are other Private Use areas in Plane 15 and Plane 16 .
All of the 6400 code points in this range are available for anyone to use. However, it may be sensible to avoid those code points that are used by major font suppliers. The following tables show some of these these code points.
These code points are also used in some of the fonts supplied with Microsoft Office for Mac OS X.
The characters from Symbol font can be seen at the following code points using a font viewer, but no Web browsers since Netscape 4.8 seem to be able to display them.
Created 3rd February 1999 Last updated 4th September 2006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Areas
http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/private_use_area.html
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