Private Protected Python

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class Student :
schoolName = 'XYZ School' # class attribute

def __init__ ( self , name , age ) :
self . name = name # instance attribute
self . age = age # instance attribute


>> > std = Student ( "Steve" , 25 )
>> > std . schoolName
'XYZ School'
>> > std . name
'Steve'
>> > std . age = 20
>> > std . age
20


class Student :
_schoolName = 'XYZ School' # protected class attribute

def __init__ ( self , name , age ) :
self . _name = name # protected instance attribute
self . _age = age # protected instance attribute



>> > std = Student ( "Swati" , 25 )
>> > std . _name
'Swati'
>> > std . _name = 'Dipa'
>> > std . _name
'Dipa'


class Student :
def __init__ ( self , name ) :
self . _name = name
@property
def name ( self ) :
return self . _name
@name . setter
def name ( self , newname ) :
self . _name = newname



>> > std = Student ( "Swati" )
>> > std . name
'Swati'
>> > std . name = 'Dipa'
>> > std . name
'Dipa'
>> > std . _name # still accessible


class Student :
__schoolName = 'XYZ School' # private class attribute

def __init__ ( self , name , age ) :
self . __name = name # private instance attribute
self . __salary = age # private instance attribute
def __display ( self ) : # private method
print ( 'This is private method.' )



>> > std = Student ( "Bill" , 25 )
>> > std . __schoolName
AttributeError : 'Student' object has no attribute '__schoolName'
>> > std . __name
AttributeError : 'Student' object has no attribute '__name'
>> > std . __display ( )
AttributeError : 'Student' object has no attribute '__display'


>> > std = Student ( "Bill" , 25 )
>> > std . _Student__name
'Bill'
>> > std . _Student__name = 'Steve'
>> > std . _Student__name
'Steve'
>> > std . _Student__display ( )
'This is private method.'




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Classical object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, control the access to class resources by public, private, and protected keywords. Private members of the class are denied access from the environment outside the class. They can be handled only from within the class.


Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method.
This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.


All members in a Python class are public by default. Any member can be accessed from outside the class environment.

You can access the Student class's attributes and also modify their values, as shown below.

Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes.
No other environment is permitted access to it. This enables specific resources of the parent class to be inherited by the child class.


Python's convention to make an instance variable protected is to add a prefix _ (single underscore) to it.
This effectively prevents it from being accessed unless it is from within a sub-class.


In fact, this doesn't prevent instance variables from accessing or modifying the instance. You can still perform the following operations:

However, you can define a property using property decorator and make it protected, as shown below.
Above, @property decorator is used to make the name() method as property and @name.setter decorator to another overloads of the name() method as property setter method. Now, _name is protected.
Above, we used std.name property to modify _name attribute. However, it is still accessible in Python.
Hence, the responsible programmer would refrain from accessing and modifying instance variables prefixed with _ from outside its class.


Python doesn't have any mechanism that effectively restricts access to any instance variable or method. Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable/method with a single or double underscore to emulate the behavior of protected and private access specifiers.


The double underscore __ prefixed to a variable makes it private .
It gives a strong suggestion not to touch it from outside the class. Any attempt to do so will result in an AttributeError:


Python performs name mangling of private variables. Every member with a double underscore will be changed to _object._class__variable . So, it can still be accessed from outside the class, but the practice should be refrained.

Thus, Python provides conceptual implementation of public, protected, and private access modifiers, but not like other languages like C# , Java, C++.
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Private, “Protected” Attributes in Python — Demystified Once and For All
Never, ever use two leading underscores. This is annoyingly private. — Ian Bicking, Creator of pip, virtualenv, and many others
H ow many times have you encountered these words: Public , Private , and Protected in the world of Python? And how many times those one leading underscores _ , two leading underscores __ puzzled you, trying to make sense of them?
Well, let’s demystify them once and for all. What’s the use of private and “protected” attributes. And, how they look like in the Python world.
Consider this scenario: You have a class named Vehicle which internally uses an instance attribute named horn and does not want to expose it . Now, you want to subclass Vehicle and name your own class MyCar.
If y o u create your own horn instance attribute inside the class MyCar you will be overriding the Vehicle ’s horn instance attribute. What happens as a consequence is that you will smash all those methods in Vehicle class that are using the horn attribute. Worse yet, it would be a headache to debug the problems that ensue.
To prevent such scenarios, the developer of Vehicle class would make the horn attribute private to prevent such inadvertent accidents.
In the world of Python, unlike Java, there’s no way of creating a private modifier. What python gives you is a simple mechanism to prevent accidental overriding of an attribute in your class if someone wants to inherit from your class.
In the previous example, if you wanted to make the horn attribute private, you would need to prefix it with two underscores: __horn . This way, Python will store this attribute name in the instance __dict__ prefixed with an underscore and the class name. Thus, in the Vehicle class, your __horn attribute becomes _vehicle__horn and in MyCar class it becomes _MyCar__horn .This feature of python goes by the delicate name of name mangling . Here’s the code for what we discussed so far:
The important note here is that name mangling is all about safety and not security. It will not keep you protected against intentional wrongdoing; just, accidental overriding. In the example above, you can easily alter the value of a private attribute simply by doing this: v1._vehicle__horn = 'new value' .
Neither name mangling feature, nor the skewed appearance of the names written as self.__horn is loved by the Pythonistas. In public repositories, you’ll notice that developers often prefer to follow the convention of adding just one leading underscore ( self._horn ) to “protect” them from inadvertent modification.
Critics suggest that to prevent attribute clobbering it’s enough to simply stick to the convention of prepending the attribute with a single underscore. Here’s the full quote from Ian Bicking I cited at the beginning of the article;
Never, ever use two leading underscores. This is annoyingly private. If name clashes are a concern, use explicit name mangling instead (e.g., _MyThing_balabla). This is essentially the same thing as double-underscore, only it’s transparent where double underscore obscures.
I must note that an attribute with a single leading underscore _ does not mean anything special to the python interpreter. But, it’s one of those strong conv
https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/python/public-private-protected-modifiers
https://towardsdatascience.com/private-protected-attributes-in-python-demystified-once-and-for-all-9456d4e56414
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