Private Package
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Private Package
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Asked
9 years, 2 months ago
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9 years, 2 months ago
This question already has answers here :
Why are modifiers allowed for a package when they don't seem to do anything?
(2 answers)
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What does the private tell me about the package?
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Let's not confuse this with package-private or other access modifiers that can be added to classes, methods and fields.
Looking at that, the only answer, that comes to my mind is, that (some) compilers don't treat this as a compiletime error but that it is completely meaningless. It is not possible to restrict accessibility to a class or package that way (and every package is always accessible).
Another section from the java language spec :
A package declaration in a compilation unit specifies the name (§6.2)
of the package to which the compilation unit belongs.
Annotations opt package PackageName ;
So the keyword may be preceeded by annotations. But the access modifiers is not part of the package declaration. And even if we expand on "Annotations" we won't find access modifiers here.
Another reference, according to JLS 18. Syntax the only thing allowed to precede package is an Annotation .
CompilationUnit:
[[Annotations] package QualifiedIdentifier ;]
{ImportDeclaration} {TypeDeclaration}
The code sample you have provided is not valid in java. The private access modifier can be applied to members and methods, including inner classes. Your code compiles in Eclipse, but is rejected by Oracle's own compiler.
In fact, the byte-code generated by Eclipse for this java code, is exactly the same with or without that private keyword. This shows that this is probably an Eclipse bug where it ignores the text before the word package during compilation.
What you have probably read or heard, is the phrase "package-private", which means that nothing outside the package can access the class or member. You do this by not using any access modifier on the class itself. Not by using the private keyword on the package.
If you add private before the package name this will be compiler error
Though package is not the highest degree of Encapsulation in Java which is achieved using private keyword , it still second best option and must to encapsulate whole functionality rather than just a class.
In short, Access modifiers are not part of the package declarations
Looks to me like it is only happening in eclipse. When i compile the code though javac command through command prompt, i get this compile time error:
error: class, interface, or enum expected
Looking at the post here, looks like eclipse uses its own jdk:
Writing "private package" and "package" is the same. They identify the same access level (the dafault one).
The private modifier specifies that the member can only be accessed within its own package (as with protected).
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Creating and publishing private packages
git remote add origin git://git-remote-url
To share your code with a limited set of users or teams, you can publish private user-scoped or organization-scoped packages to the npm registry.
For more information on scopes and private packages, see " About scopes " and " About private packages ".
Note: Before you can publish private user-scoped npm packages, you must sign up for a paid npm user account.
Additionally, to publish private organization-scoped packages, you must create an npm user account , then
create a paid npm organization .
If you are using npmrc to manage accounts on multiple registries , on the command line, switch to the appropriate profile:
On the command line, create a directory for your package:
Navigate to the root directory of your package:
If you are using git to manage your package code, in the package root directory, run the following commands, replacing git-remote-url with the git remote URL for your package:
In the package root directory, run the npm init command and pass the scope to the scope flag:
For an organization-scoped package, replace my-org with the name of your organization:
For a user-scoped package, replace my-username with your username:
Respond to the prompts to generate a package.json file. For help naming your package, see " Package name guidelines ".
Create a README file that explains what your package code is and how to use it.
In your preferred text editor, write the code for your package.
Publishing sensitive information to the registry can harm your users, compromise your development infrastructure, be expensive to fix, and put you at risk of legal action. We strongly recommend removing sensitive information, such as private keys, passwords, [personally identifiable information][pii] (PII), and credit card data before publishing your package to the registry. Even if your package is private, sensitive information can be exposed if the package is made public or downloaded to a computer that can be accessed by more users than intended.
For less sensitive information, such as testing data, use a .npmignore or .gitignore file to prevent publishing to the registry. For more information, see this article .
To reduce the chances of publishing bugs, we recommend testing your package before publishing it to the npm registry. To test your package, run npm install with the full path to your package directory:
By default, scoped packages are published with private visibility.
On the command line, navigate to the root directory of your package.
To publish your private package to the npm registry, run:
To see your private package page, visit https://npmjs.com/package/*package-name , replacing package-name* with the name of your package. Private packages will say private below the package name on the npm website.
For more information on the publish command, see the CLI documentation .
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I have been working with OSGi for a while now, but I still don't understand something about private packages.
Aren't all bundle packages which are not exported invisible to all other packages? If so, what's the difference to private packages and packages which are not exported?
I've read OSGi in Action and "OSGi and Apache Felix 3.0 - Beginners Guide", but i was not able to find the difference.
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Any package which is not listed in Export-Package is private.... that's all there is to it.
You may have seen another header called Private-Package . This is NOT an OSGi header and it is completely ignored by the OSGi Framework. If you see this it indicates that a bundle has been built with bnd or the Maven Bundle Plugin , which uses this header has a build-time instruction. It's therefore only relevant at build time, and has no effect whatsoever at run time.
Yes, all packages not defined in the manifest.mf entry Export-Package are private packages. You don't need to specify them seperately, it's just another term for the ease of communication.
If you have your manifest generated as for example by the maven-bundle-plugin, this term get's a little more relevant, because the maven bundle plugin will per default export all packages, except for example a package called internal (or subpackages of that). This is somehow the inverse approach since you specify the private packages and have the exported package calculated. See the maven bundle plugin for details.
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