Private P

Private P

Did you know you have a private IP address?

Actually, you should welcome your private IP

192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (65,536 IP addresses)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (1,048,576 IP addresses)
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 IP addresses)

Your private IP is just that. Private.
How Private and public IP addresses work together.
I f you were searching for information on an IP address such as 192.168.1.1 or 10.0.0.1, you’re on the right page. Because you’re about to learn something that confuses almost anyone trying to learn about IP addresses.
But if you read on , you’ll see it doesn’t have to be confusing.
This article is about what private IP addresses are. Before you learn about private IP addresses, you will also need to know about public IP addresses, which you should know a little about already if you’re reading this article. Lucky for you, that’s something fairly easy to explain.
The IP address you see on our home page —that looks like this—24.156.99.202, is an example of a public IP address. If you’ve ever wondered “what is a public IP,” now you know. It’s that simple.
Now, about that other kind of IP address…
Home routers have their local address set to a default, private IP address number. It’s usually the same address for the other models from that manufacturer, and it can be seen in the manufacturer’s documentation.
Here’s a look at the default private (also called “local”) IP addresses for popular brands of routers:
Let’s go back to public IP addresses for a second…
Your public IP address is the IP address that someone on the other end of your Internet activity would see (if they bothered to look for it). That’s the only reason it’s known as a public IP address.
With traditional mail, when you send a letter, you have to know the address to send it to—such as “1234 Main Street,”—so that the postman knows which street and which house to take it to.
The Internet works similarly, except it directs your personal activity (emails, answers to Google inquiries, etc.), and forwards the electronic messages to your computer’s address.
You couldn’t do much without a public IP address. It’s your passport to the Internet.
In theory, your computer must have its own unique IP address so that it will only receive the information that is meant for you.
However, that’s not how it works out, because of one major exception—network computers that are linked to a router and share the same public IP address.
Yes. If you have a router, you have a private IP address.
The organizations that distribute IP addresses to the world reserves a range of IP addresses for private networks .
Your simple home network, with its router at the center and computers connected to it—wired or wireless—classifies as one of those networks.
Your router —once it makes its Internet connection through your Internet Service Provider —sends Internet activity to any computer connected to your router, and is the basis of a networking innovation called a Network Address Translation (NAT).
In other words, the router connects to the other devices (usually desktops, laptops and tablets).
That’s the point: Your private address is just for your router, your network, and you.
The private address ranges in a network don’t have to be synchronized with the rest of the world and the Internet.
As a matter of fact, the private address range can be used by more than one address. A network administrator using these private addresses has more room for subnetting, and many more assignable addresses.
The private IP address does one job for your home network.
These blocks of addresses can be used by a private network. Even if your neighbor is using the exact same addresses, it won’t cause a problem, because that’s HIS or HER network, not yours.
You see, these private addresses are known as non-routable addresses . The networking on the Internet routes Internet activity connected to your public IP address only, not your private IP.
To wrap up our discussion about public and private IP addresses, keep these four ideas in mind:
Private IP addresses are untracked and unrestricted. WhatIsMyIPaddess.com cannot geographically locate a user’s computer by their private IP address.
It is perfectly normal to see traffic from these numbers if you have a small home or office network. By default, most routers and access points use these numbers to assign to your local computers. It is most likely these numbers represent computers on your own internal network.
If you see these numbers in the headers of an unsolicited email, they usually indicate transit between servers within a corporate network or ISP. Again, they are not useful in identifying the origin of an email. In such cases, you can usually find the true origin by looking for the earliest “Received” mail header.
The traffic does not come from the IANA (the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), a non-government, Internet-specific organization that gives out (assigns and allocates) IP addresses. As the authority for IP addresses, they do not use or operate them, and they are not the source of the traffic.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Law enforcement bodies owned or controlled (or both) by non-governmental entities
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( April 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Suburban, Joel Goldenberg The. "Rethink policing to save hundreds of millions: MEI" . The Suburban Newspaper . Retrieved October 5, 2021 .

^ Jenny Irish (1999), Policing for Profit: The Future of South Africa's Private Security Industry , Institute for Security Studies

^ "Port of Dover Police unable to make lawful arrests for almost a year | Dover Express" . Archived from the original on September 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 2, 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Stringham, Edward (2015). Private Governance . Oxford University Press.

^ Gil Guillory & Patrick C. Tinsley (2009), The Role of Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution in the Future of Liberty

^ Jump up to: a b c Stringham, Edward (2008). Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice . Transaction Publishers for the Independent Institute. ISBN 978-1-41280-579-7 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 .

^ Sklansky, David A. (1998–1999), Private Police, The , vol. 46, UCLA L. Rev., p. 1165

^ Philip C. Stenning (September 2000), "Powers and Accountability of Private Police", European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research , 8 (3): 325–352, doi : 10.1023/A:1008729129953

^ Rick Sarre; Tim Prenzler Dr. (2000), Relationship Between Police and Private Security: Models and Future Directions

^ Operation Partnership: Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security Collaborations (PDF) , Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium

^ "Boston special police officers warn of increase in crime with upcoming police reform" . Boston Herald . June 26, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2022 .

^ South Carolina Code of Laws, Title 40, Chapter 18

^ South Carolina Code of Laws, Title 56, Chapter 5 Section 170

^ South Carolina, Attorney General's Opinion: Aug 01,1978; Apr 30, 1987; May 23, 1995; Aug 30, 2001; Oct 15, 2004 and State V. Brant (S.C.1982) 278 S.C. 188,293 SE2d 703

^ South Carolina, Attorney General's Opinion: Aug 01, 1978 and South Carolina Code of Laws, Title 56, Chapter 5 Section 420

^ Commernet, 2011. "Section 6-A1103. RESTRICTIONS, Chapter 6-A11. SPECIAL POLICE, SubTilte 6-A. POLICE PERSONNEL, Title 6. PERSONNEL, D.C. Municipal Regulations" . District of Columbia . Retrieved January 24, 2022 .

^ Stringham, Edward (1999). "Market Chosen Law". Journal of Libertarian Studies . 14 (1): 53–77. SSRN 1676257 .

^ Stringham, Edward (2003). "The Extralegal Development of Securities Trading in Seventeenth Century Amsterdam". Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance . 43 (2): 321. doi : 10.1016/S1062-9769(02)00153-9 . SSRN 1676251 .

^ Office of International Criminal Justice (1995), Readings: Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Futures Conference on Privatization in Criminal Justice: Public and Private Partnerships, University of Chicago, March 13–15

^ Gage, Theodore J. (1982), Cops, Inc , Reason

^ Benson, Bruce L., To Serve and Protect , p. 180

^ Warren v. District of Columbia, 444 A.2d. 1 (DC Ct. of Ap. 1981)

^ Jump up to: a b Pastor, James F. (2003), The Privatization of Police In America: An Analysis and Case Study , Jefferson, NC: McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-1574-8

^ DeAngelis, Corey (2018). "Police Choice: Feasible Policy Options for a Safer and Freer Society". SSRN Working Paper Series . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3194200 . ISSN 1556-5068 . SSRN 3194200 .

^ " "Police Choice: Feasible Policy Options for a Safer and Freer Society" – Libertarian Papers" . Libertarian Papers . September 26, 2018 . Retrieved October 13, 2018 .

^ Murray N. Rothbard (1985), "The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts", For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto , New York: Libertarian Review Foundation, p. 220, ISBN 0-930073-02-9

^ Benson, Bruce L. (1998), "Potential Benefits and Pitfalls of Contracting Out for Criminal Justice", To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice , New York: New YorK Univ. Press, p. 34, ISBN 0-8147-1327-0

^ H Draper (1978), Private Police

^ Guard shoots, kills man who pointed pellet gun , Herald Tribune, November 30, 2005

^ Joseph N. Boyce (September 16, 1996), Landlords Turn to 'Commando' Patrols , The Wall Street Journal

^ Private Sector — Private Spies, Rent-a-Cops, and the Prison-Industrial Complex , 1978

^ Tinsley, Patrick (1999), Private Police: A Note (PDF) , Journal of Libertarian Studies

^ Joh, Elizabeth E. (2005), Conceptualizing the Private Police , vol. 2005, Utah L. Rev., p. 573

Private police or special police are law enforcement bodies that are owned or controlled (or owned and controlled) by non-governmental entities . Additionally, the term can refer to an off-duty police officer while working for a private entity, providing security, or otherwise law enforcement-related services. These officers do have power to uphold the laws under the discretion of the private company.

In jurisdictions that allow private police, private police may be employed and paid for by a non-governmental agency, such as a railroad, or port, or university, or nuclear facility, or hospital, but they are peace officers or law enforcement officers that are commissioned, licensed, and regulated by the state. They are required to swear an oath to uphold the laws of the state where they are commissioned and follow the same regulations peace officers / law enforcement officers must abide by. The main difference between a private police officer and a regular police officer is who is signing their paycheck and their jurisdiction.

Many people confuse private police with security guards, but they are not the same thing. Not all security guards have police power, whereas private police are sworn police officers employed by private entities, or even small governmental departments (such as library police, etc.).

Private police departments receive their commissions from the state (or counties, municipalities, etc.), but are generally not considered government actors. Security officers are regulated by the state, but generally do not have police powers, such as the ability to arrest on a warrant, or issue citations and summons for misdemeanor offenses.

Private police (also called company police ) are commissioned police officers that are hired by a non-governmental agency, such as a university, hospital, port, nuclear facility, railroad, etc. These police officers swear an oath to the state or country (or both) they are commissioned in but are paid for by the private organization that hired them. Depending on the jurisdiction, they may have full police power within their jurisdictions or limited police powers. Private police officers are held to the same regulations and standards are regular police officers. Sometimes (but not all times) these officers are commissioned as "special police," the special-term delineating their narrow jurisdiction.

In some countries, like the United States, the term "special police" indicates a police force that has limited law enforcement powers. Special police may be employed by either a governmental agency or a non-governmental agency, and as such are not always private police.

Some states give local officials the ability to appoint special police officers with specific duties, either to assist local law enforcement or to provide assistance during an emergency. These officers may or may not be commissioned police officers, but generally have the same privileges and immunities as police officers. For example, some municipalities appoint special police as security for the municipal buildings and airports, freeing up commissioned police officers for general police duties. Special Police officers can be public officers (such as the WMATA Special Police in DC), or private officers, such as the Metro Special Police Department's Special Police Officers ).

Railroad police are sometimes classified as special police, but other times are recognized as fully-commissioned police officers under the Ombudsmen's Act, granting them multi-state jurisdiction.

In jurisdictions that allow it, off-duty officers may be employed to provide security to individuals, or companies, or organizations. If their jurisdiction grants them police powers on and off-duty, they essentially become private police while employed by anyone other than the government.

The use of public police officers under private pay has become more and more contentious, as it is felt to be unfair competition against private security firms.

Security guards are, by definition, not private police since they are not commissioned police officers. They are usually regulated by the government but lack the many of the same police powers commissioned police officers are granted. Security officers are limited to their assigned properties (even if they travel between multiple properties), and can only take the action on public streets that a citizen might take. Security agencies range from "slick-belt" companies that merely observe and report incidents to police, to more well trained security agencies that detain subjects committing crimes, and have good relationships with their local police departments.

Government entities may employ private security personnel via contract, while others have their own security departments. Sometimes these officers have special police commissions, and some do not.

Security personnel can also take on auxiliary functions of police duties, such as administrative work, which constitutes a signification proportion of the workload of officers. It has been argued that police, who cost more than private security guards, are overqualified for such auxiliary duties because of their extensive training. One study found that outsourcing such functions to private contractors could reduce police forces’ operational expenditures by between 17% and 20% in the Canadian province of Quebec. The same study cited similar measures in the UK, which led to reductions in both crime rates and public expenditures on police. [1]

As in the United States, the largest private police forces in Canada are the railway police forces of the two largest rail carriers: Canadian Pacific Police Service ( Canadian Pacific Railway ) and Canadian National Police ( Canadian National Railway ). Both police forces' jurisdictions extend into those U.S. states where the respective companies operate. Via Rail also operate an armed police service.

An increasing number of South Africans are using private security companies to protect themselves and their assets. The broad private security industry is employing over 200,000 security guards throughout the country, of which the guarding industry is the largest, with 125,000 guards working for approximately 3,200 security companies. Many of the larger South African private security companies have expanded their operations into other countries in Southern Africa. Private security companies have even involved themselves in political conflicts that are occurring on the subcontinent. In South Africa, private companies that make use of guards are regulated by a statutory body, the Security Officers' Board . The Board polices the regulations that govern the private security industry and sets minimum training standards for security guards. [2]

A number of Port Police forces exist within the UK that are run by the respective port authorities, which are private companies. Legislation relating to Port Police dates back to the Harbours, Docks and Piers Clauses Act 1847 , although subsequent legislation has been passed in relation to specific ports. Most Port Police have jurisdiction within 1 mile of port property. However, the Marine Navigation Act 2013 allows the Chief Constable of the local force to grant a port police force jurisdiction throughout England and Wales in relation to port business. The legislation was enacted after it emerged that the Port of Dover Police were acting unlawfully when transporting prisoners to custody when it was over a mile away from port property. [3]

Until 2003, Oxford University both had a private police force, who had standard constabulary powers within 4 miles of any university building. It was disbanded in 2003, a In 2002, a group of local traders in Oxford wrote to Evan Harris , a local Member of Parliament , requesting the removal of the police powers of the Constables over citizens who were not members of the university. They argued that the Constables were "not accountable to any public authority" and described their role as an "anachronism".

After a policy review by the University Council in 2003, the Oxford University Police was disbanded when it was decided that it would be too expensive to bring the force up to the required standard of training and implement a multi-tiered complaints procedure.

In the United States, these can be firms to which the government contracts out police work (e.g. the 1975–1977 Oro Valley , Arizona - Rural/Metro contract, the 1980 Reminderville, Ohio -Corporate Security contract, the 1976 Indian Springs, Florida - Guardsmark contract, and the 1976 Buffalo Creek, West Virginia -Guardsmark contract), or they can be officers who contract with various firms to patrol the area, as in the case of the San Francisco Patrol Specials . [4]

Private police officers are different from security officers , who generally do not have arrest powers beyond a
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