Private Networks Addresses

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In Internet networking, a private network is a computer network that uses a private address space of IP addresses. These addresses are commonly used for local area networks (LANs) in residential, office, and enterprise environments. Both the IPv4 and the IPv6 specifications define private IP address ranges.[1][2]
Private network addresses are not allocated to any specific organization. Anyone may use these addresses without approval from regional or local Internet registries. Private IP address spaces were originally defined to assist in delaying IPv4 address exhaustion. IP packets originating from or addressed to a private IP address cannot be routed through the public Internet.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has directed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to reserve the following IPv4 address ranges for private networks:[1](p4)
In practice, it is common to subdivide these ranges into smaller subnets.
In April 2012, IANA allocated the block 100.64.0.0/10 (100.64.0.0 to 100.127.255.255, netmask 255.192.0.0) for use in carrier-grade NAT scenarios.[4]
This address block should not be used on private networks or on the public Internet. The size of the address block (222, approximately 4 million addresses) was selected to be large enough to uniquely number all customer access devices for all of a single operator's points of presence in a large metropolitan area such as Tokyo.[4]
The concept of private networks has been extended in the next generation of the Internet Protocol, IPv6, and special address blocks are reserved.
The address block fc00::/7 is reserved by IANA for Unique Local Addresses (ULA).[2] They are unicast addresses, but contain a 40-bit random number in the routing prefix to prevent collisions when two private networks are interconnected. Despite being inherently local in usage, the IPv6 address scope of unique local addresses is global.
The first block defined is fd00::/8, designed for /48 routing blocks, in which users can create multiple subnets, as needed.
fdxx:xxxx:xxxx:yyyy:zzzz:zzzz:zzzz:zzzz
A former standard proposed the use of site-local addresses in the fec0::/10 block, but because of scalability concerns and poor definition of what constitutes a site, its use has been deprecated since September 2004.[5]
Another type of private networking uses the link-local address range. The validity of link-local addresses is limited to a single link; e.g. to all computers connected to a switch, or to one wireless network. Hosts on different sides of a network bridge are also on the same link, whereas hosts on different sides of a network router are on different links.
In IPv4, link-local addresses are codified in RFC 6890 and RFC 3927. Their utility is in zero configuration networking when Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) services are not available and manual configuration by a network administrator is not desirable. The block 169.254.0.0/16 was allocated for this purpose. If a host on an IEEE 802 (Ethernet) network cannot obtain a network address via DHCP, an address from 169.254.1.0 to 169.254.254.255[Note 2] may be assigned pseudorandomly. The standard prescribes that address collisions must be handled gracefully.
In IPv6, the block fe80::/10 is reserved for IP address autoconfiguration.[6] The implementation of these link-local addresses is mandatory, as various functions of the IPv6 protocol depend on them.[7]
Private addresses are commonly used in residential IPv4 networks. Most Internet service providers (ISPs) allocate only a single publicly routable IPv4 address to each residential customer, but many homes have more than one computer or other Internet connected device, such as smartphones. In this situation, a network address translator (NAT/PAT) gateway is usually used to provide Internet connectivity to multiple hosts.
Private addresses are also commonly used in corporate networks, which for security reasons, are not connected directly to the Internet. Often a proxy, SOCKS gateway, or similar devices are used to provide restricted Internet access to network-internal users.
In both cases, private addresses are often seen as enhancing network security for the internal network, since use of private addresses internally makes it difficult for an Internet (external) host to initiate a connection to an internal system.
It is common for packets originating in private address spaces to be misrouted onto the Internet. Private networks often do not properly configure DNS services for addresses used internally and attempt reverse DNS lookups for these addresses, causing extra traffic to the Internet root nameservers. The AS112 project attempted to mitigate this load by providing special blackhole anycast nameservers for private address ranges which only return negative result codes (not found) for these queries.
Organizational edge routers are usually configured to drop ingress IP traffic for these networks, which can occur either by misconfiguration, or from malicious traffic using a spoofed source address. Less commonly, ISP edge routers drop such egress traffic from customers, which reduces the impact to the Internet of such misconfigured or malicious hosts on the customer's network.
Since the private IPv4 address space is relatively small, many private IPv4 networks unavoidably use the same address ranges. This can create a problem when merging such networks, as some addresses may be duplicated for multiple devices. In this case, networks or hosts must be renumbered, often a time-consuming task, or a network address translator must be placed between the networks to translate or masquerade one of the address ranges.
IPv6 defines unique local addresses in RFC 4193, providing a very large private address space from which each organization can randomly or pseudo-randomly allocate a 40-bit prefix, each of which allows 65536 organizational subnets. With space for about one trillion (1012) prefixes, it is unlikely that two network prefixes in use by different organizations are the same, provided each of them was selected randomly, as specified in the standard. When two such private IPv6 networks are connected or merged, the risk of an address conflict is therefore virtually absent.
Despite official warnings, historically some organizations have used other parts of the reserved IP addresses for their internal networks.[citation needed]
^ Classful addressing is obsolete and has not been used in the Internet since the implementation of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), starting in 1993. For example, while 10.0.0.0/8 was a single class A network, it is common for organizations to divide it into smaller /16 or /24 networks. Contrary to a common misconception, a /16 subnet of a class A network is not referred to as a class B network. Likewise, a /24 subnet of a class A or B network is not referred to as a class C network. The class is determined by the first three bits of the prefix.[3]
^ The first and last /24 subranges of the subnet (addresses 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.0.255 and 169.254.255.0 through 169.254.255.255) are reserved for future use by RFC 3927
^ a b Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E. Lear (February 1996). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Network Working Group IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1918. BCP 5. RFC 1918.
^ a b R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005). Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses. Network Working Group IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4193. RFC 4193.
^ Forouzan, Behrouz (2013). Data Communications and Networking. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 530–31. ISBN 978-0-07-337622-6.
^ a b J. Weil; V. Kuarsingh; C. Donley; C. Liljenstolpe; M. Azinger (April 2012). Reserved IPv4 Prefix for Shared Address Space. IETF. p. 8. doi:10.17487/RFC6598. ISSN 2070-1721. BCP 153. RFC 6598.
^ C. Huitema; B. Carpenter (September 2004). Deprecating Site Local Addresses. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3879. RFC 3879.
^ R. Hinden; S. Deering (February 2006). IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture. Network Working Group, IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4291. RFC 4291. Updated by RFC 5952, RFC 6052, RFC 7136, RFC 7346, RFC 7371, RFC 8064.
^ S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007). IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration. Network Working Group, IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC4862. RFC 4862. Updated by RFC 7527.
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What are private IP addresses - RFC 1918 private addresses
Private IP addresses (RFC 1918 addresses) are used to conserve IPv4 addresses from depletion by reserving ranges of IPv4 addresses for the devices which are inside a private network. A private network is a network which is not directly connected to the internet.
IPv4 started its journey in networking and in internet long back in early 1970's. It was a project for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) during the early development of computers and other network devices. During that time, there were only a few computers all over the world and the networking gurus of those period decided to give a 32-bit binary number as IPv4 address for the network devices. The 32-bit IPv4 address provides 4,294,967,296 unique IPv4 addresses and it was a huge addressing scheme of that period.
The problems related with 32-bit IPv4 addresses started in 1990's with the rapid development of the Internet. Internet spread all over the world and millions of computers became part of the internet. The main problem related with IPv4 addresses was 32-bit IPv4 addresses were not enough to provide addressing for large number of devices in the internet.
In real network environment, many devices which are inside a private network (Example - a Local Area Network (LAN) inside a company, a Local Area Network (LAN) inside organization or a home network) do not need to communicate with any device outside its own Local Area Network (LAN). Even the computers inside a private network need to connect internet, there is no need of direct connectivity, they are connected to the internet via a router or any other end-point device. The idea of Network Address Translation (NAT) arose from the above reality. Following image shows the concept of Network Address Translation (NAT).
The idea of Private IPv4 addresses (defined by RFC 1918, and also known as RFC 1918 IPv4 addresses) was to reserve IPv4 addresses for the devices which are inside a private network (Example - a Local Area Network (LAN) inside a company, a Local Area Network (LAN) inside organization or a home network).
IPv4 datagrams originating or destined to these private networks (configured with a private IPv4 address) are dropped by public internet routers.
The end-point device in a private network (usually a router or a firewall) translates these IP addresses to a public IPv4 address and forwarded to internet, when the IPv4 datagram leaves the network to the public outside internet. The public IPv4 addresses are translated back to private IPv4 addresses and forwarded to the private inside network when an IPv4 packet arrived at the end-point device (usually a router or a firewall) of a private network.
One network interface of the end-point device (usually a router or a firewall) is connected to the inside private network and configured with a private IPv4 address and other network interface is connected to the public internet via a Service Provider and assigned with public IPv4 addresses.
The following IPv4 address ranges are reserved for private networks (Example - a Local Area Network (LAN) inside a company, a Local Area Network (LAN) inside organization or a home network).
• In Class A, 10.0.0.0/8 prefix range.
Class A private IPv4 addresses starts from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255. 10.0.0.0/8 is the network IPv4 address and10.255.255.255 is the directed broadcast IPv4 address.
Consists of total 16,777,216 IPv4 Addresses ( 16,777,214 usable IPv4 addresses). Class A range of private IPv4 addresses are used for large network which need a bigger pool IPv4 addresses.
• In Class B, 172.16.0.0/12 prefix range.
Class B private IPv4 addresses starts from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255. 172.16.0.0 is the network IPv4 address for 172.16.0.0/16 network and 172.31.255.255 is the is the directed broadcast IPv4 address for 172.31.0.0/16 network.
Consists of total 1,048,576 IPv4 Addresses ( 1,048,544 usable IPv4 addresses). Class B range of private IPv4 addresses are used for medium-sized network.
• In Class C network 192.168.0.0/16 prefix range
Class C private IPv4 addresses Starts from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255. 192.168.0.0 is the network IPv4 address of 192.168.0.0/24 network and 192.168.255.255 is the directed broadcast IPv4 address for 192.168.255.0/24 network.
Consists of total 65,536 IPv4 Addresses ( 65,024 usable IPv4 addresses). Class C range of private IPv4 addresses are used for small networks.
Please refer below table, which shows summary of private IP address reservations.
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