Private Network
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Private Network
^ Classfulā addressing is obsolete and has not been used in the Internet since the implementation of Classlessā Inter-Domainā Routing (CIDR), starting in 1993. For example, while 10.0.0.0 / 8 was a single class A network, it is common for organizations to divide it into smaller / 16 or / 24 networks. Contrary to a common misconception, a / 16 subnet of a class A network is not referred to as a class B network. Likewise, a / 24 subnet of a class A or B network is not referred to as a class C network. The class is determined by the first three bits of the prefix. [3]
^ The first and last / 24 subranges of the subnet (addresses 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.0.255 and 169.254.255.0 through 169.254.255.255 ) are reserved for future use by RFCā 3927
^ a b Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E. Lear (February 1996). Addressā Allocationā forā Privateā Internets . Network Working Group IETF . doi : 10.17487/RFC1918 . BCP 5. RFC 1918 .
^ a b R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005). Uniqueā Localā IPv6ā Unicastā Addresses . Network Working Group IETF . doi : 10.17487/RFC4193 . RFC 4193 .
^ Forouzan, Behrouz (2013). Data Communications and Networking . New York: McGraw Hill. pp.Ā 530ā31. ISBN Ā 978-0-07-337622-6 .
^ a b J. Weil; V. Kuarsingh; C. Donley; C. Liljenstolpe; M. Azinger (April 2012). Reservedā IPv4ā Prefixā forā Sharedā Addressā Space . IETF . p.Ā 8. doi : 10.17487/RFC6598 . ISSN Ā 2070-1721 . BCP 153. RFC 6598 .
^ C. Huitema; B. Carpenter (September 2004). Deprecatingā Siteā Localā Addresses . Network Working Group. doi : 10.17487/RFC3879 . RFC 3879 .
^ R. Hinden; S.ā Deering (February 2006). IPā Versionā 6ā Addressingā Architecture . Network Working Group, IETF . doi : 10.17487/RFC4291 . RFC 4291 . Updated by RFCā 5952 , RFCā 6052 , RFCā 7136 , RFCā 7346 , RFCā 7371 , RFCā 8064 .
^ S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007). IPv6ā Statelessā Addressā Autoconfiguration . Network Working Group, IETF . doi : 10.17487/RFC4862 . RFC 4862 . Updated by RFCā 7527 .
This page was last edited on 29 January 2021, at 19:46
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In IPā netĀworkĀing , a priĀvate network is a comĀputerā netĀwork that uses priĀvate IPā adĀdress space. Both the IPv4 and the IPv6 specĀiĀfiĀcaĀtions deĀfine priĀvate IP address ranges. [1] [2] These adĀdresses are comĀmonly used for localā areaā netĀworks (LANs) in resĀiĀdenĀtial, ofĀfice, and enĀterĀprise enĀviĀronĀments.
PriĀvate netĀwork adĀdresses are not alĀloĀcated to any speĀcific orĀgaĀniĀzaĀtion. AnyĀone may use these adĀdresses withĀout apĀproval from reĀgionalā orā localā InĀterĀnetā regĀistries . PriĀvate IP adĀdress spaces were origĀiĀnally deĀfined to asĀsist in deĀlayĀing IPv4ā adĀdressā exĀhausĀtion . IPā packĀets origĀiĀnatĀing from or adĀdressed to a priĀvate IP adĀdress canĀnot be routed through the pubĀlic InĀterĀnet .
The InĀterĀnetā EnĀgiĀneerĀingā Taskā Force (IETF) has diĀrected the InĀterĀnetā AsĀsignedā NumĀbersā AuĀthorĀity (IANA) to reĀserve the folĀlowĀing IPv4 adĀdress ranges for priĀvate networks: [1] ( p4 )
In pracĀtice, it is comĀmon to subĀdiĀvide these ranges into smaller subĀnets.
In April 2012, IANA alĀloĀcated the block 100.ā64.ā0.ā0/ā10 (100.ā64.ā0.ā0 to 100.ā127.ā255.ā255, netĀmask 255.ā192.ā0.ā0) for use in carĀrier-gradeā NAT sceĀnarĀios. [4]
This adĀdress block should not be used on priĀvate netĀworks or on the pubĀlic InĀterĀnet. The size of the adĀdress block (2 22 , apĀproxĀiĀmately 4 milĀlion adĀdresses) was seĀlected to be large enough to uniquely numĀber all cusĀtomer acĀcess deĀvices for all of a sinĀgle opĀerĀaĀtor's pointsā ofā presĀence in a large metĀroĀpolĀiĀtan area such as Tokyo . [4]
The conĀcept of priĀvate netĀworks has been exĀtended in the next genĀerĀaĀtion of the InĀterĀnetā ProĀtoĀcol , IPv6 , and speĀcial adĀdress blocks are reĀserved.
The adĀdress block fc00:: / 7 is reĀserved by IANA for Uniqueā Localā AdĀdresses (ULA). [2] They are uniĀcast adĀdresses, but conĀtain a 40-bit ranĀdom numĀber in the routĀing preĀfix to preĀvent colĀliĀsions when two priĀvate netĀworks are inĀterĀconĀnected. DeĀspite being inĀherĀently local in usage, the IPv6ā adĀdressā scope of unique local adĀdresses is global.
The first block deĀfined is fd00:: / 8 , deĀsigned for /48 routĀing blocks, in which users can creĀate mulĀtiĀple subĀnets, as needed.
A forĀmer stanĀdard proĀposed the use of site-loĀcal adĀdresses in the fec0:: / 10 block, but beĀcause of scalĀaĀbilĀity conĀcerns and poor deĀfĀiĀnĀiĀtion of what conĀstiĀtutes a site , its use has been depĀreĀcated since SepĀtemĀber 2004. [5]
AnĀother type of priĀvate netĀworkĀing uses the link-loĀcal adĀdress range. The vaĀlidĀity of link-loĀcal adĀdresses is limĀited to a sinĀgle link; e.g. to all comĀputĀers conĀnected to a switch , or to one wireĀlessā netĀwork . Hosts on difĀferĀent sides of a netĀworkā bridge are also on the same link, whereas hosts on difĀferĀent sides of a netĀworkā router are on difĀferĀent links.
In IPv4, link-loĀcal adĀdresses are codĀiĀfied in RFCā 6890 and RFCā 3927 . Their utilĀity is in zeroā conĀfigĀuĀraĀtionā netĀworkĀing when DyĀnamicā Hostā ConĀfigĀuĀraĀtionā ProĀtoĀcol (DHCP) serĀvices are not availĀable and manĀual conĀfigĀuĀraĀtion by a netĀwork adĀminĀisĀtraĀtor is not deĀsirĀable. The block 169.ā254.ā0.ā0 / 16 was alĀloĀcated for this purĀpose. If a host on an IEEE 802 ( EthĀerĀnet ) netĀwork canĀnot obĀtain a netĀwork adĀdress via DHCP, an adĀdress from 169.ā254.ā1.ā0 to 169.ā254.ā254.ā255 [Noteā 2] may be asĀsigned pseudoĀranĀdomly . The stanĀdard preĀscribes that adĀdress colĀliĀsions must be hanĀdled graceĀfully.
In IPv6, the block fe80:: / 10 is reĀserved for IP adĀdress autoconfiguration. [6]
The imĀpleĀmenĀtaĀtion of these link-loĀcal adĀdresses is mandaĀtory, as varĀiĀous funcĀtions of the IPv6 proĀtoĀcol deĀpend on them. [7]
PriĀvate adĀdresses are comĀmonly used in resĀiĀdenĀtial IPv4 netĀworks. Most InĀterĀnetā serĀviceā providers (ISPs) alĀloĀcate only a sinĀgle pubĀlicly routable IPv4 adĀdress to each resĀiĀdenĀtial cusĀtomer, but many homes have more than one comĀputer or other InĀterĀnet conĀnected deĀvice, such as smartĀphones . In this sitĀuĀaĀtion, a netĀworkā adĀdressā transĀlaĀtor (NAT/PAT) gateĀway is usuĀally used to proĀvide InĀterĀnet conĀnecĀtivĀity to mulĀtiĀple hosts.
PriĀvate adĀdresses are also comĀmonly used in corĀpoĀrateā netĀworks , which for seĀcuĀrity reaĀsons, are not conĀnected diĀrectly to the InĀterĀnet. Often a proxy, SOCKS gateĀway, or simĀiĀlar deĀvices are used to proĀvide reĀstricted InĀterĀnet acĀcess to netĀwork-inĀterĀnal users.
In both cases, priĀvate adĀdresses are often seen as enĀhancĀing netĀworkā seĀcuĀrity for the inĀterĀnal netĀwork, since use of priĀvate adĀdresses inĀterĀnally makes it difĀfiĀcult for an InĀterĀnet (exĀterĀnal) host to iniĀtiĀate a conĀnecĀtion to an inĀterĀnal sysĀtem.
It is comĀmon for packĀets origĀiĀnatĀing in priĀvate adĀdress spaces to be misĀrouted onto the InĀterĀnet. PriĀvate netĀworks often do not propĀerly conĀfigĀure DNS serĀvices for adĀdresses used inĀterĀnally and atĀtempt reĀverseā DNSā lookups for these adĀdresses, causĀing extra trafĀfic to the InĀterĀnet rootā nameĀservers . The AS112 proĀject atĀtempted to mitĀiĀgate this load by proĀvidĀing speĀcial blackĀhole anyĀcast nameĀservers for priĀvate adĀdress ranges which only reĀturn negĀaĀtive reĀsult codes ( not found ) for these queries.
OrĀgaĀniĀzaĀtional edge routers are usuĀally conĀfigĀured to drop ingress IP trafĀfic for these netĀworks, which can occur eiĀther by misĀconĀfigĀuĀraĀtion, or from maĀliĀcious trafĀfic using a spoofed source adĀdress. Less comĀmonly, ISP edge routers drop such egress trafĀfic from cusĀtomers, which reĀduces the imĀpact to the InĀterĀnet of such misĀconĀfigĀured or maĀliĀcious hosts on the cusĀtomer's netĀwork.
Since the priĀvate IPv4 adĀdress space is relĀaĀtively small, many priĀvate IPv4 netĀworks unĀavoidĀably use the same adĀdress ranges. This can creĀate a probĀlem when mergĀing such netĀworks, as some adĀdresses may be duĀpliĀcated for mulĀtiĀple deĀvices. In this case, netĀworks or hosts must be renumĀbered, often a time-conĀsumĀing task, or a netĀworkā adĀdressā transĀlaĀtor must be placed beĀtween the netĀworks to transĀlate or masĀquerĀade one of the adĀdress ranges.
IPv6 deĀfines uniqueā localā adĀdresses in RFCā 4193 , proĀvidĀing a very large priĀvate adĀdress space from which each orĀgaĀniĀzaĀtion can ranĀdomly or pseudo-ranĀdomly alĀloĀcate a 40-bit preĀfix, each of which alĀlows 65536 orĀgaĀniĀzaĀtional subĀnets. With space for about one trilĀlion (10 12 ) preĀfixes, it is unĀlikely that two netĀwork preĀfixes in use by difĀferĀent orĀgaĀniĀzaĀtions are the same, proĀvided each of them was seĀlected ranĀdomly, as specĀiĀfied in the stanĀdard. When two such priĀvate IPv6 netĀworks are conĀnected or merged, the risk of an adĀdress conĀflict is thereĀfore virĀtuĀally abĀsent.
DeĀspite ofĀfiĀcial warnĀings, hisĀtorĀiĀcally some orĀgaĀniĀzaĀtions have used other parts of the reĀservedā IPā adĀdresses for their inĀterĀnal networks. [ citationā needed ]
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Private network ā Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2
RFC 1918 - Address Allocation for Private Internets
Private Network - Definition from Techopedia
Private Network - Knowledge Base
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