Private Investigator
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Sherlock Holmes is one of the world's most famous fictional detectives.
The term "private eye" comes from the Pinkerton Detective Agency logo
Contents
Conducting Investigations
Training and Licensing
Private Investigation and the Law
In many detective movies, the typical client is a damsel in distress.
Lost or stolen property Proof that a spouse or partner is unfaithful Proof that a friend or business associate is dishonest Missing friends or relatives The perpetrator in an unsolved crime
Discuss the case with the client and determine whether it is legal, ethical and possible to solve. Work out a plan and budget for gathering the necessary information. Conduct the investigation, gathering evidence in such a way that it can be presented in court when necessary. Analyze the evidence. Report to the client with findings.
Surveillance often involves skill with a camera and long hours in the car.
Tax records Real estate transactions Records of births and deaths Court records Voter registrations Business licenses Vital statistics records DMV records
Planning and coordinating investigations Investigative and surveillance techniques Laws and ethics pertaining to investigative practice Questioning witnesses Evidence-handling procedures
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes , whose investigative style influenced detective stories and even modern forensics Raymond Chandler's tough but noble Philip Marlowe John D. MacDonald's Travis McGee , who bills himself as a "salvage consultant" and investigates cases from his houseboat, the Busted Flush, collecting half the value of recovered belongings as his fee Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade , star of "The Maltese Falcon" Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently , whose Holistic Detective Agency has more to do with fraud than detective work Ensouled vampire Angel , who worked as a private investigator before taking over the law firm of Wolfram & Hart Obsessive, neurotic Adrian Monk , a former police officer Veronica Mars , a college student who works independently and under the auspices of her father, former Neptune, California sheriff Keith Mars
In most parts of the world, falsely presenting oneself as a law-enforcement official, a government employee or an attorney is illegal. In the United States, using pretexts to gain access to a person's telephone records or to get information from a financial institution is a violation of Federal law.
Advanced Surveillance Group. "History of Private Investigators." (2/7/2007) http://www.asginvestigations.com/history_of_private_investigations.php Bancroft, Melissa C. "Senate Passes Anti-Pretexting Legislation in Wake of HP Scandal." 12/9/2006 (2/7/2007) http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/12/ senate-passes-anti-pretexting.php BBC. "Power of Arrest in England and Wales." (2/7/2007) http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/law/powersofarrest.shtml California Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (2/7/2007) http://www.dca.ca.gov/bsis/ Federal Trade Commission. "Pretexting: Your Personal Information Revealed." (2/7/2007) http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/credit/pretext.htm Federal Trade Commission. "The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: Pretexting." (2/7/2007) http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/privacyinitiatives/pretexting.html Office of the Revisor of Statutes, Maine. "Title 32: Private Investigators." 11/2/2006 (2/7/2007) http://janus.state.me.us/legis/statutes/32/title32ch89sec0.html Scott, Janny. "Private Eyes Turn to the Case of Illegal Sublet." New York Times. 1/27/2007 (2/7/2007) http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F70917F93C5B0C748EDDA80894DF404482 Security Industry Authority. "Private Investigation." (2/7/2007) http://www.the-sia.org.uk/home/licensing/private_investigation/ private_investigation.htm Security Industry Authority. "SIA Research: Private Investigator Best Practice." October 2006 (2/7/2007) http://www.the-sia.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6764A270-A2A1-441D-A72B- C2EC363E577A/0/sia_pi_best_practise.pdf State of Louisiana. "Private Investigators Law." (2/7/2007) http://www.lsbpie.com/pilaw_4_02.pdf State Requirements for Private Investigator (Detective) Licensing (2/7/2007) http://www.crimetime.com/licensing.htm Sung, Michael. "Private Investigator in HP Spying Scandal Pleads Guilty to Federal Charges." 1/12/2007.(2/7/2007) http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2007/01/ private-investigator-in-hp-spying.php U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Private Detectives and Investigators." 8/4/2006 (2/8/2007) http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos157.htm United States Library of Congress. "Today in History: The Pinkertons." (2/7/2007) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug25.html
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Thanks to books, movies and TV shows, many people have a clear mental image of the stereotypical private investigator. He works from a dimly-lit, cluttered, sometimes smoky office in a less-than-affluent part of town. There, he greets a series of walk-in clients -- often women -- who have been wronged in one way or another.
Usually, his job is either to find proof of wrongdoing or to make the situation right again. To do this, he gets useful information from witnesses and bystanders, sometimes with the help of false pretenses and fake identification. He tails witnesses, takes pictures, searches buildings and keeps an eye out for clues that others may have overlooked. Occasionally, his curiosity gets him into trouble, and he barely escapes being caught somewhere he isn't supposed to be. But eventually, he returns to his distressed client, letting her know that he's solved the case.
Lots of fictional detectives have contributed to this image, including Sherlock Holmes, Philip Marlowe and multiple film noir heroes from the 1940s and 50s. Today's pop-culture investigators, like Adrian Monk and Veronica Mars, are often a little quirkier than their older counterparts. They don't necessarily wear fedoras, work in questionable neighborhoods or even call themselves private investigators. However, they still appear as heroes who have a knack for digging up the right information at the right time.
But just how much of the P.I. lore is really true? How many of the events depicted in fiction are really possible -- or legal? In this article, we'll explore what it takes to become a private investigator and exactly what the job involves.
The first step to separating fact from fiction is to define precisely what a private investigator is. Essentially, private investigators are people who are paid to gather facts. Unlike police detectives or crime-scene investigators , they usually work for private citizens or businesses rather than for the government. Although they sometimes help solve crimes, they are not law-enforcement officials. Their job is to collect information, not to arrest or prosecute criminals.
Private investigators have existed for more than 150 years. The first known private detective agency opened in France in 1833. In 1850, Allan Pinkerton formed Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which grew into one of the most famous detective agencies in the United States. The Pinkerton Agency became notorious for breaking strikes , but it also made several contributions to the fields of law enforcement and investigation. The agency takes credit for the concept of the mug shot, and the term "private eye" came from the original Pinkerton logo.
Today, about a quarter of the private investigators in the United States are self-employed. Of those who are not, about a quarter work for detective agencies and security services [source: U.S. bureau of Labor Statistics ]. The rest work for financial institutions , credit collection services and other businesses. Many investigators choose to focus on a specific field of investigation based on their background and training. For example, someone with a degree in business might become a corporate investigator. An investigator with a background in patents and trademarks might focus on intellectual property theft. A certified public accountant (CPA) might specialize in financial investigation.
But regardless of specialization, a P.I.'s job is to conduct thorough investigations. We'll look at the investigative process in the next section.
Many retail establishments hire loss-prevention agents to investigate and prevent employee theft and shoplifting. Although the job title doesn't always include the word "investigator" or "detective," these employees generally perform investigative work. Some hotels and casinos also employ detectives to protect guests and help investigate thefts or petty crimes that take place on the property. In many cases, these investigators also double as security guards.
The stereotypical private investigator comes from books, TV and movies -- so does the stereotypical client. In the world of fictional investigators, clients often turn to investigators for help because the information they seek doesn't fall within police jurisdiction. They may also be afraid or unable to ask the police for help. In some portrayals, clients have already tried to work with law-enforcement agencies but aren't happy with the result. Often, fictional clients are looking for:
Although real clients aren't the archetypal damsels in distress that appear in fiction, the types of cases that surface most often in movies and books are also common in real life. A real investigator's caseload often includes background investigations, surveillance and skip traces, or searches for missing people. Investigators may also serve legal documents, notifying people of their involvement in legal proceedings. In the United States, this is part of the due process guaranteed in the Fifth and 14th Amendments to the Constitution.
Naturally, day-to-day duties vary depending on a detective's expertise. Someone who specializes in intellectual property theft will spend far more time studying patents than staking out hotels looking for errant spouses. Some cases are also more common in specific regions. For example, in New York City, some landlords hire private investigators to determine whether tenants in rent-controlled apartments are violating their lease terms. The investigators look for physical proof of violations like subletting apartments and living elsewhere or using residential units for business purposes. [Source: New York Times ].
Finding the perpetrator in an unsolved crime might not seem to have much in common with running a background check or finding grounds for a tenant's eviction. But they all involve the same basic task -- in order to solve any case, a private investigator has to collect and organize facts.
Gathering facts involves more than the luck and intuition that some fictional investigators seem to rely on. Successfully solving a case begins with planning and analysis. The investigator must:
Like any good researcher, a private investigator uses multiple sources of information to solve a case. The source most commonly associated with private investigators is surveillance . The basic idea behind surveillance is very simple -- the investigator follows a target and documents where he goes and who he meets. Actually conducting surveillance can be far more difficult. Following people without losing them or being noticed is a difficult skill to master. While some affluent investigation agencies have sophisticated surveillance vans, many investigators simply work from their cars. The process of watching someone can also be long and tedious with no possibility for breaks.
Researchers can also interview suspects and witnesses. In general, the person being interviewed has no legal obligation to speak to the investigator. For this reason, the process often involves time devoted to building rapport and making the interviewee comfortable. In addition, some investigators use pretexts or ruses to get information from people who might otherwise be reluctant to talk to them. Using false pretenses to gain information can have legal and ethical implications -- see "Private Investigation and the Law" to learn more.
Public records are another source of information. Many of these are records that private citizens can access on their own. However, private investigators generally know who to ask and how to access the information easily. In some cases, private investigators can access databases that search multiple record sources at once. These databases are not usually available to the general public. The records investigators often search include:
In addition to gathering information, private investigators must know how to analyze it and present it to their clients. Along with the investigative techniques that they use to gather information, this skill is part of their investigative training. We'll look at training and licensing procedures for private investigators in the next section.
Many people who decide to become private investigators already have experience in a related field. They may have served in a branch of the military or worked as police officers. Others have experience in crime-scene investigation or surveillance. While this experience can be helpful, it doesn't entirely replace education and training.
In most cases, a person learns to be a private investigator through apprenticeship with an experienced investigator or formal instruction . Either on the job or in a classroom, the future investigator learns about:
Some investigators also use DVDs and distance-learning programs to continue their educations.
In many parts of the world, education and training are only a first step -- becoming a private investigator also requires applying for and obtaining a license . But the process a person has to go through, or whether licensure even exists, varies from place to place. England and Wales, for example, have no official licensing procedure. However, the Security Industry Authority, which regulates private security in Great Britain, conducted research in 2005 and 2006 which may eventually lead to licensure for private investigators.
In the United States, each state has its own licensing requirements. Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, Missouri and South Dakota have no statewide licensing procedure. Most other states require some combination of education and training and a clean criminal record. Some states also require schools to submit their curricula and meet specific criteria for state approval. In those states, only people whose education comes from an accredited school can become a licensed investigator.
The length of study and exact steps required to obtain a license vary considerably. In California, applicants must complete specific educational courses and pass a written exam. The terminology can also differ -- in Massachusetts, private detectives hold state licenses, but private investigators do not. Some states require investigators to have liability insurance. Finally, some states allow private investigators to carry firearms. Generally, this requires the investigator to apply for and receive a weapon permit.
Having a license allows a private investigator to practice in one particular state, but the nature of investigative work can require investigators to cross state lines. Some states have reciprocity agreements with one another -- a license in one state allows a person to practice in the other as well. Investigators practicing in states without such agreements sometimes apply for licensure in nearby states as well. Others develop working relationships with investigators in other states, working as assistants, apprentices or trainees when traveling.
While licenses give people the right to present themselves as private investigators, they do not give people the right to break the law in the course of investigations. We'll look at the legal and ethical issues surrounding private investigation in the next section.
In some ways, fictional private investigators are like Robin Hood. While they may not be robbing from the rich to give to the poor, they often investigate powerful wrongdoers at the request of people who are less fortunate. Here are some of our favorite investigators:
Reading books and watching movies about private investigators naturally requires some suspension of disbelief. After all, many fictional detectives are impossibly heroic or improbably cool. But fictional investigators aren't just too smart, too good-looking, too lucky or too witty to be true. Much of the time, they make decisions that would land a real investigator in jail and out of a job.
When a TV private eye dons a cap with a cable company's logo, picks up a clipboard, and pretends to have questions about when a neighbor will be home, he's using a ruse to get information. This technique has become known as pretexting , and while it isn't always illegal, critics argue that it is often unethical. Others contend that the ends can justify the means -- if using a disguise and fake identification leads to an arrest, then the ruse is worth the risk.
However, in some cases, pretexting is against the law:
Another common scenario in detective stories involves trespassing or breaking and entering. In many countries, entering private property without the permission of the owner or tenant is illegal. For this reason, private investigators typically conduct surveillance from public property to avoid legal issues. In many jurisdictions, the surveillance itself is legal, especially if the investigator has notified the police of his presence. Private phone surveillance using recording devices or wiretapping , on the other hand, is usually illegal.
Fictional investigators also sometimes apprehend, detain and interrogate criminals, which could be considered kidnapping. However, in some cases, detaining a criminal might be legal. Some states and countries allow citizens who witness a felony or identify a felon to detain that person. The exact situations in which such citizen arrest is permissible can vary in different jurisdictions.
Some critics feel that private investigators' work is an invasion of people's privacy. A number of laws and constitutional amendments protect people's privacy in many countries throughout the world. However, many of these laws regulate the steps that the government or certain businesses can take. They do not necessarily affect whether a private investigator is permitted to take surveillance photos or to use pretexts to get information that would otherwise be confidential.
Because of privacy concerns and depictions in popular culture, some people believe that private investigators are often on the wrong side of the law. Private investigators have also appeared in a negative light in some high-profile cases, such as the Hewlett-Packard corporate spying trial in 2006 and 2007. However, as more states and countries begin to regulate and license investigators, this perception may gradually begin to change. To learn more about licensing procures, legal issues and how to become a private investigator, check out the links on the next page.
Some jurisdictions regulate exactly what information an investigator can share with clients or with other people. Sometimes, particularly when investigating a criminal case, an investigator may inform only the appropriate law-enforcement agency of his findings.
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LEARN HOW TO BECOME A PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR WITH NOVEL DATA'S PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR TRAINING.
Online & Virtual Classes How to Become a Private Investigator Courses
The ICPI 100 Course will help you decide and demonstrate to prospective employers that you understand the business and you are even more committed and sure this is the right career path for you.
ICPI - 100 Course Outline
Table of Contents
Introduction to a Career as a Professional Private Investigator
How to Become a Private Investigator
ICPI - 101
Our training courses will fill the gap of experience and provide participants with tangible and applicable skills needed for early success. Our training courses will increase your odds of "Getting Hired" and reduce or eliminate the risk to companies looking to hire “new” inexperienced Investigators.
ICPI - 101 Course Outline
Table of Contents
File Handling Best Practices
Coming Soon
FHBP - 2021
INTENSIVE IN-PERSON SESSIONS, ONLINE VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS, SELF-PACED DISTANCE LEARNING AND, VIRTUAL LECTURES
Learn from Investigators that have worked in the field and around the world. One of the hardest parts of getting a start as a Private Investigator! is Getting Hired . With Novel Data Investigative Learnings Private Investigator or Private Detective training courses, you will gain knowledge and meaningful tangible skills to reduce or eliminate the risk to employers in hiring someone with little or no experience.
Aspiring Investigators often think about the physical license as the main goal of the start of their journey as a Private Investigator. The regulatory licensing is important but employers view a license, similar to that of a driver's license, its a requirement, but it does not demonstrate or indicate that you have experience or skills to make an immediate positive impact on an assignment or their business.
When you are new to the Private Investigation or Private Detective industry the fastest way to gain the necessary experience is to Get Hired with a reputable firm. Getting Hired without experience is not likely to happen. So, on one hand, you need the experience to Get Hired and on the other hand, you need to Get Hired to gain experience. This situation is referred to as a
ICPI - 100 is a totally self-paced online distance learning course. The main purpose is to explain the industry in general and what is generally like when you are new and just starting out. This is important to demystify what people think being a Private Investigator is really like vs. what they think and see in the media, TV, or Films. Once completed your eyes will be wide open and you will be clear that you want to pursue becoming a Private Investigator or not. Students will also understand in general what is valuable before investing in the one thing outside of experience that will enable you to Get Hired, which is TRAINING.
Introduction to a Career as a Professional Investigator
1. Regional Licensing requirements
4. Personal challenges encountered
a) Outline and explanation
6. Types of clients & corresponding
a) Outline and explanation
assignments & hours of work
a) Surveillance Investigations
b) Undercover Investigations
d) How results impact more work
8. What factors will determine
your aptitude in Becoming a
9. What makes a “Good” & “Great”,
11. Equipment needed to get started
c) Admin equipment – Home office
d) Need to have Equipment
e) Nice to have Equipment
12. Computers, tablets, and peripherals
c) Esoteric, Instinct or the Sixth Sense
Lesson Plans have not been included in this overview
Navigating the unknown through detailed, insightful firsthand experienced subject matter experts.
Successful completion of ICPI 101will empower Students with meaningful & tangible skills that employers are looking for in new hires without the prerequisite experience. Completion of ICPI 101 will build students' confidence and most importantly reduce or eliminate the risk to companies looking to hire “new” inexperienced Investigators.
In addition, students will attain tangible and applicable skills needed for success as they start their careers and will create a solid foundation for valuable development and successful outcome of investigations. Students will gain skills, clarity, insights, and direction. This will benefit them during their first few years. ICPI 101 will help Investigators to understand what will be required or expected of them while they learn and gain experience, developing them into a reputable sought after established Professional Private Investigator.
This course is taught with world-class Private Investigators, many of whom are still working on assignments but have a passion for teaching, mentoring, and telling meaningful stories. Classes are instructed via live remote video (Zoom Video) an accompanied by a distance learning platform.
Classes are also offered in an in-person intensive format over consecutive 6 days. Our instructors and or participants will travel to a predetermined location on a predetermined date organized in advance.
* COVID 19 - no in-person classes are being offered at this time due to new social distancing guidelines. We will reschedule and resume our in-person classes when we are able.
1. What is a Desk Investigation?
a) How Desk Investigations are performed
b) Desk Investigation file types
2. Desk Investigation Nomenclature
3. Corroborated & Circumstantial Evidence
a) What is Evidence & how to Structure it
b) What is Corroborated Evidence & Examples
c) What is Circumstantial Evidence & Examples
a) How the document is used abstractly
b) How the Evidence Document is used practically
c) Esoteric, Instinct or the Sixth Sense
7. Google Basics for North America
a) Google as an Investigative tool
Search Basics for North America
b) IP challenges and best practices
Verify Identify & Expand - V.I.E.able
b) Data management & technology
d) Physical Intelligence or
e) Evidence chain of custody
a) The Cycle of Data Management
b) The First Steps of Information
6). Sample Pre-Surveillance Report
nice to have accessories
b) Pre-Surveillance Research
c) Pre-Surveillance Mapping
d) Spot Check Intelligence
c) Communication Protocols
d) Maintaining Surveillance
– two or more Investigators
a) Perception & Managing Variables
b) Skill vs, Luck and Circumstances
e) Understanding & managing Heat
f) Equipment – full list needed & required
h) Active mobile surveillance best practices & tactics
I) Driving Methods for different areas or environments
l) Surveillance best practices
r) Equipment & positioning
u) Organizational necessities
v) Transitioning to foot surveillance
w) Transitioning back to a surveillance vehicle
Successful completion of this course will enable an experienced Investigator to advance their career into management. Course participants will attain skills in file management and best practices. Completion of FHBP will provide inexperienced or new file/case managers with knowledge and confidence, as this position is an integral part of any investigation.
Novel Data Investigative Learning, exciting professional development for aspiring and experienced Investigators around the world.
©2020 by Novel Data Investigative Learning Inc..
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