Private Domestic Investment

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Gross Private Domestic Investment: Definition, Examples, and How to Calculate GPDI
Last updated: Nov 8, 2020 • 3 min read
Everyone knows to look to GDP—gross domestic product—for clues about the health of the economy. But what of the lesser-known measure called gross private domestic investment?
One of four components of GDP, this highly specific figure can reveal whether an economy is expanding or contracting, and what it could look like at maximum potential.
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Gross private domestic investment, or GPDI, is a measure of the amount of money that domestic businesses invest within their own country. GPDI constitutes one component of GDP, which politicians and economists use to gauge a country’s overall economic activity.
GPDI has three main characteristics:
GPDI is the sum of two different types of investment, plus changes in businesses’ inventories. The three factors are:
GPDI is determined by the following formula:
GPDI = (non-residential investment) + (residential investment) + (change in inventories)
To obtain the figure for the change in inventories, you subtract the inventories at the beginning of the year from the inventories at the end of the year. If inventories have decreased, this will be a negative number.
GPDI is important because it provides an indicator of the future productive capacity of the economy. Capital investment today suggests the potential to generate new goods and services based on those resources tomorrow.
The US Bureau of Economic Analysis provides official estimates of GPDI and GDP in its
national income and product accounts, a major part of the country’s accounting. GPDI typically
accounts for 15-18% of U.S. GDP.
In Q1 of 2019, GPDI was $3783.364 billion—a record high.
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Explore resources provided by the Research Division at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Explore resources provided by the Research Division at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Your trusted data source since 1991.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
(a) Gross Private Domestic Investment, Billions of Dollars, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate (GPDI)
Billions of Dollars
Change, Billions of Dollars
Change from Year Ago, Billions of Dollars
Percent Change
Percent Change from Year Ago
Compounded Annual Rate of Change
Continuously Compounded Rate of Change
Continuously Compounded Annual Rate of Change
Index (Scale value to 100 for chosen date)
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U.S. recession:
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1949-10-01 End
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or  Enter date as YYYY-MM-DD
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Use the assigned data series variables (a, b, c, etc.) together with operators (+, -, *, /, ^, etc.), parentheses and constants (1, 1.5, 2, etc.) to create your own formula (e.g., 1/a, a-b, (a+b)/2, (a/(a+b+c))*100). As noted above, you may add other data series to this line before entering a formula.
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Change
Change from Year Ago
Percent Change
Percent Change from Year Ago
Compounded Annual Rate of Change
Continuously Compounded Rate of Change
Continuously Compounded Annual Rate of Change
Natural Log
Index (Scale value to 100 for chosen date)
Select a date that will equal 100 for your custom index:
U.S. recession:
Select a recession
2020-04-01 End
2020-02-01 Start
─────────
2009-06-01 End
2007-12-01 Start
─────────
2001-11-01 End
2001-03-01 Start
─────────
1991-03-01 End
1990-07-01 Start
─────────
1982-11-01 End
1981-07-01 Start
─────────
1980-07-01 End
1980-01-01 Start
─────────
1975-03-01 End
1973-11-01 Start
─────────
1970-11-01 End
1969-12-01 Start
─────────
1961-02-01 End
1960-04-01 Start
─────────
1958-04-01 End
1957-08-01 Start
─────────
1954-05-01 End
1953-07-01 Start
─────────
1949-10-01 End
1948-11-01 Start
or   Enter date as YYYY-MM-DD
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Data in this graph are copyrighted. Please review the copyright information in the series notes before sharing.
Units: Billions of Dollars, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Private Domestic Investment [GPDI], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GPDI, August 28, 2021.
Are you sure you want to remove this series from the graph? This can not be undone.
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