Private Age

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Private Age
While there is a minimum age requirement of at least 16 to obtain a student certificate, and 17 to obtain a Private Pilot License, there is no maximum age limit to obtain a Private Pilot License and the prerequisite student pilot certificate.
However, acquiring a Private Pilot License means that you have to pass an FAA medical exam to receive the third-class medical certificate that a Private Pilot License falls under.
This will likely be the only thing preventing someone who is older and wants to obtain a PPL.
Once a PPL has been acquired, renewal of a medical certificate is required every five years (every 2 years if over 40), and a biennial flight review must also be passed.
To pass the medical exam required for a PPL , an aviation medical examiner (AME) will test several things.
Distant vision must be 20/40 or better in each eye, with or without correction.
Near vision must be 20/40 or better in each eye, as measured at 16 inches.
According to the FAA, an applicant must have the “ability to perceive those colors necessary for safe performance of airman duties” too.
This is a bit vague and can get confusing, but you can still be issued a third-class medical certificate, even if you fail a color vision test, though it will contain the limitation of not being able to fly at night or by color signal controls.
We go into more detail here: Can Pilots Be Color Blind?
A test that demonstrates your hearing ability must also be passed.
This can either be achieved through passing an audiometric test or demonstrate hearing of an average conversational voice, at 6 feet, with your back turned to the examiner.
For those of you who have age-related hearing loss, the good news is that you can still pass your medical exam and acquire your private pilot license, even if a hearing aid is required.
Your medical certificate will read “must wear hearing amplification.”
No specified blood value is stated in the medical standards, though the current guideline’s maximum value is 155/95.
You must also be of sound mental health (no diagnosis of psychosis, bipolar disorder, or severe personality disorders), not have a diagnosis or medical history of substance dependence unless there is established clinical evidence of recovery, and not have a disqualifying condition.
The most common disqualifying conditions besides mental health conditions and substance abuse include coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus requiring hypoglycemic medication, a permanent cardiac pacemaker, and epilepsy.
No, there is nothing in FAA regulations that states that there is a maximum age limit for pilot training. If you have the desire to, you can fly a plane at any age .
Generally speaking, while seniors might not possess as quick reflexes as their younger counterparts in the cockpit, they can make up for it in other ways.
They benefit from certain qualities that younger aspiring pilots don’t possess, like better-developed decision-making skills and life experience
Except for an airline transport pilot license (ATPL), which can not be issued to any pilot aged 65 or older, there is no age limit to obtain any other pilot license.
This includes no minimum or maximum age requirement for a commercial pilot license.
This means that if you want to progress beyond a private pilot license and be financially compensated for flying, you can – though can only take part in non-part 121 operations, or become a flight instructor.




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Insights / Private Markets Insights: Optimism in an Age of Change
Managing Partner & Head of Investments
Managing Partner & Head of Investments

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As focus shifts from fighting a pandemic to managing an endemic disease, the only safe prediction seems to be that transformational change is here to stay. New patterns of consumption, work, and human behavior are demonstrating genuine staying power, creating uncertainty for decision makers.
Although sometimes unnerving, transformational change can often be a catalyst for innovation, leading to opportunities for investors with a long-term focus and an even temperament. We believe the ability of many private companies to thrive in times of dislocation, change, and growth puts them in position to capitalize on the current environment.
2022 marks our 50 th anniversary , and while private markets have grown dramatically since 1972, in our view the factors that have historically allowed them to outperform their public peers remain the same, especially in times of dislocation.
First, Adams Street thinks private company incentive systems are designed to reward executives for innovation and long-term shareholder value creation, rather than short-term financial results and stock price movements. Second, the governance structures of private equity-backed companies more easily allow them to adapt quickly to changing market conditions. Finally, because private markets tend to focus on sectors experiencing growth and change, we believe they are generally more comfortable navigating uncertain waters.
One significant consequence of the pandemic is that it accelerated the adoption of technology globally and across all industry sectors. For example, because workers do not expect to return to being in-person at an office for 40 hours a week, the vast majority of companies are aggressively investing in technology to enable virtual broadcasts, conferences, breakout rooms, and social events.
In healthcare, video, artificial intelligence, and robotics are increasingly being used to diagnose and treat diseases. In addition, advances in saliva-based diagnostic kits are enabling earlier detection of treatable diseases, while corner pharmacies are also evolving from quick clinics into full-service points of primary care.
In the food service industry, mobile ordering, delivery, and payment solutions are being deployed to serve customers who prefer to place pickup and delivery orders rather than dining in.
Finally, there has been a global increase in interest in accessing blockchain technologies that promise more efficient and secure methods for transacting, exchanging, and storing information.
All these innovations are being driven by behavioral changes that, in our view, are likely permanent. Large incumbents that fail to react and change how they interact with stakeholders, including customers, employees, and suppliers, are more likely to become vulnerable to innovative disruptors.
As the following research shows, risks notwithstanding, private markets are viewed by many institutional investors as being well-positioned to drive long-term innovation, job creation, and growth on the global stage. Survey participants are bullish about the ability of private markets to outperform their public market peers over the long term, and Adams Street anticipates high-quality private investments to be a cornerstone of a global investment portfolio in the years ahead.
– Jeff Diehl , Managing Partner & Head of Investments
If 2020 was defined by uncertainty, the watchwords for 2021 were opportunity, growth, and innovation. Although that optimism is carried into 2022, it is underpinned by a growing appreciation of the risk posed by the twin threats of inflation and rising interest rates, an acknowledgement of the need for caution when it comes to asset valuations, and an awareness of ever-present geopolitical uncertainty.
Adams Street’s second annual global survey of institutional investors found:
With the rollout of effective vaccines and novel treatments for the coronavirus globally, the uncertainty that characterized much of 2020 turned to a sense of optimism and opportunity in 2021 as economies around the world rebounded with a force that few foresaw during the depths of the COVID-19 crisis.
In the early days of the pandemic, unprecedented levels of fiscal and monetary support helped stabilize markets, which enabled many companies to accelerate and lean into an innovation supercycle that is being driven by the decades-long digital transformation of the global economy.
Private markets investors see a future of enduring dislocation and change, led by the innovation that reshaped workplaces and industries during the pandemic. There appears to be little to no impetus to return to the “old normal”, with megatrends driving disruption in technology, healthcare, and financial services sectors in particular. These forces, when coupled with a near-universal focus on ESG factors, are reshaping institutional investors’ decisions globally.
However, institutional investors’ overriding sense of optimism and opportunity is tinged with near-term concern about how asset valuation levels and volatility may affect inflows and allocations; the potential for inflation to temper growth; and the impact of rising interest rates on more levered companies. These calculations are weighing on risk management and due diligence assessments as institutional investors consider opportunities in buyouts, venture capital and growth equity , private credit , primaries , secondaries , and co-investments .
As the chart below shows, while public equity markets registered strong returns in 2021, the performance of private markets was even more impressive.
Strong Public and Private Markets Returns in 2021

There were 8,548 private equity deals globally during 2021 with an aggregate value of $2.12 trillion, compared with 5,353 deals valued at $1.02 trillion in 2020, according to law firm White & Case. 1 Fundraising also hit an all-time high in 2021, with inflows to private equity funds reaching $733 billion, according to Private Equity International . 2
Fundraising also hit an all-time high in 2021, with inflows to private equity funds reaching $733 billion, according to Private Equity International . 2
This performance is reflected in the survey, with the proportion of participants who strongly agree that private markets will outperform their public counterparts in the long run climbing 12.5 percentage points from a year ago. Further, while fully one third of respondents to last year’s survey said they would not increase private market commitments, that figure shrunk to just 5.9% this time around.
Adams Street attributes the confidence of participants in the long-term outlook for private markets partly because the number of publicly listed entities in the US is in long-term decline as companies stay private for longer, accruing more value to private investors. 5
Between 1980 and 2000, the median time it took companies to go from inception to IPO was around 6.5 years. 6 Today it is closer to 10 years, according to PitchBook. 7 As a few examples: Spotify spent 12 years as a private company; Roblox was founded in 2004 but did not sell shares to the public until March 2021, at a valuation of $38 billion; and Uber and Slack remained closely held for a decade.
Furthermore, the number of private financing rounds in excess of $100 million from 2009 through to the end of 2021 totaled 820 (US companies only), far more than the 296 public listings over the same period, according to PitchBook. 8
“Microsoft now has a market capitalization of $2.2 trillion, when it came to the [public] market it was $600 million,” said Andreas Köster, Chief Investment Officer at Union Investment. “You will not get [the next] Microsoft anymore at $600 million. Most of the value creation is being done in the private equity space.”
“Microsoft now has a market capitalization of $2.2 trillion, when it came to the [public] market it was $600 million. You will not get [the next] Microsoft anymore at $600 million. Most of the value creation is being done in the private equity space.”
– Andreas Köster, CFA , Chief Investment Officer, Union Investment
This trend of “private for longer” shows no signs of abating and indicates a clear migration of value creation from public markets to private. PwC expects private markets to grow by $4.9 trillion between 2021 and 2025 to just under $15 trillion, which would see the sector’s share of global assets under management (AUM) doubling to 10% – a level that implies considerable runway for growth. 9
The survey therefore suggests that private markets have maintained their positive reputation among investors through 2021. Nine in ten respondents agreed that private companies offer superior governance compared with their public counterparts, and 86% believe that they will continue to outperform public markets in the long term.
One challenge that we have seen for investors amid strong performance metrics is how to deal with the issue of reaching allocation limits as net asset values (NAV) climb, especially at a time when managers are returning to market with greater frequency and bigger fundraising targets.
For the second year in a row, survey participants see three sectors offering the most opportunity – financial services, technology, and healthcare.
Opportunities in financial services are being driven by disruptive, rapidly scalable, asset-light fintech companies, which attracted $102 billion in investments globally during 2021, a 183% increase year-on-year, according to Innovate Finance. 11
Opportunities in financial services are being driven by disruptive, rapidly scalable, asset-light fintech companies, which attracted $102 billion in investments globally during 2021, a 183% increase year-on-year, according to Innovate Finance. 11
“The way consumers and businesses choose and interact with their financial institutions remains a huge area of dislocation,” said Jeff Diehl , Managing Partner & Head of Investments at Adams Street. “If you can deliver a better and lower-cost experience or a better product with less friction, you can take share from the incumbents.”
Financial Services, Tech, and Healthcare Remain Top Priorities

Legacy players are taking the threat seriously, and a number of them have increasingly turned to tools such as lobbying and regulatory oversight to help protect their businesses. However, in our view, regulation is not something that many disruptors fear, as they appear to recognize that people’s money and healthcare are two areas where integrity and probity are less subject to compromise. 14
The pandemic accelerated trends in healthcare, such as the shift to telemedicine, while the sector is also benefiting from advances in robotics, artificial intelligence and applications stemming from genome technology. These developments are improving diagnostics, surgery, and novel treatment discovery, creating new standards of care that improve outcomes for patients and providers, both medically and financially.
Investors are taking note, with venture capital inflows into US-based digital health nearly doubling 2020’s $14.9 billion former record haul, according to Rock Health. 15
Accelerating Growth in US Digital Health

“We’ve seen strategies taking advantage of healthcare services, med-tech, managed care and dental in both private equity and private credit,” said Pete Keliuotis, Executive Vice President and Head of Alternatives Consulting at Callan. “Within private credit, one thing our clients are looking to do is be more targeted in terms of industry and sector exposure. It’s about finding the GP that has that domain expertise and operating experience.”
“We’ve seen strategies taking advantage of healthcare services, med-tech, managed care and dental in both private equity and private credit.”
– Pete Keliuotis, CFA , Executive Vice President and Head of Alternatives Consulting, Callan
Mega themes such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence and machine learning, automation and robotics, enterprise software, mobile communications, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are also driving opportunities for tech investors.
When it comes to geographic preference, 44% of respondents said Asia-Pacific – comprising China, emerging APAC, Japan, and Australia – presents the best investment potential in 2022, in line with survey results from last year.
However, respondents expressed concern about heightened state intervention in the private sector and regulatory oversight in China, especially in the technology sector, along with slowing growth and potential contagion from over-leveraged companies, though the long-term potential of the market keeps them invested.
Lower Valuations Make Asia-Pacific and Europe More Attractive

“In the past [in Asia], there were a lot of unknowns – you had opportunities and then nothing,” said Saifulbahri Hassan, Director of Private Equity for Malaysia’s public pension fund, the Retirement Fund (Incorporated) [KWAP]. “But today in APAC, the pandemic has been a catalyst for the region. Technology has unlocked the consumer, which has unlocked economic opportunities in general.”
“In the past [in Asia], there were a lot of unknowns—you had opportunities and then nothing. But today in APAC, the pandemic has been a catalyst for the region. Technology has unlocked the consumer, which has unlocked economic opportunities in general.”
– Saifulbahri Hassan , Director of Private Equity, Retirement Fund (Incorporated) [KWAP]
While North America was viewed as far more attractive than Europe last year, the two are now seen as roughly equal. The potential for more buyout activity and venture capital opportunities has climbed in Europe amid lower valuations compared with the US. In 2020, 28 European companies reached the $1-billion valuation mark – particularly significant considering that by 2010 the continent had created just 22 “unicorns” in total. 16
Survey participants remain optimistic about the US, even after valuations climbed sharply in 2021 on a return of confidence among consumers, who account for almost 70% of consumption. 17 We beli
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